<p>Professorville is a registered historic district in Palo Alto, California containing homes that were built by Stanford University professors. The historic district is bounded by Addison Avenue, Waverley Street, Kingsley Avenue, and Ramona Street. The community considers the district to be larger and bounded by Addison Avenue on the northwest, Cowper Street on the northeast, Embarcadero Road on the southeast, and Emerson Street on the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The Professorville Historic District reflects the area&#39;s origins and its early years related to the founding of both Stanford University and Palo Alto itself. Stanford University allowed professors to build houses on Stanford land, but would only lease the land. Professorville was the closest place to the campus and downtown Palo Alto that was not owned by Stanford. Professors who preferred to own their own land rather than lease it from the Stanfords built their homes there. Lot sizes in Professorville vary greatly in size and location, including flag lots. The developer of the tract was eager to sell the land and so he sold various lot sizes including full blocks and half blocks. The owners of the large lots then sold off portions of their property, starting at the outer edges, until the original buildings themselves were on a modest-sized remaining lot. In February 2023, the median list price for houses in Professorville was $4.34 million.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings most representative of Professorville are brown-shingled houses with gambrel roofs, whose stylistic influences range from Colonial Revival to American Craftsman. Dutch Colonials are the predominant architecture on three blocks of Kingsley Avenue.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest residences, a 3-story, 14-room frame house at 450 Kingsley Avenue, is the former home of Stanford&#39;s first physics professor, Fernando Sanford, designed by architect Frank McMurray of Chicago. The house includes features fashionable at the time, such as a Queen Anne corner tower and a Palladian window in front.</p><br>
<p>Other former professors houses include 1005 Bryant Street, built for professor Frank Angell, who founded the universitys Psychology Department, and 433 Melville Avenue, built for professor Charles Henry Gilbert, founding chair of the Zoology Department, and designed by Arthur Bridgman Clark, an architect and art professor. The "Dead Houses" (named after the Grateful Dead) is a cooperative housing community centered in Professorville, primarily inhabited by Stanford students and recent graduates, with notable past tenants including entrepreneur and philanthropist Sean Parker.</p><br>
<p>The Ramona Street Architectural District, in downtown Palo Alto, California, is a Registered Historic District. This portion of the street, between University Avenue and Hamilton Avenue, is a highly distinctive business block. It showcases the Spanish Colonial and Early California styles with gentle archways, wrought iron work, tile roofs of varying heights and courtyards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The development of Ramona Street, named after the 1884 novel Ramona, was an early successful attempt to expand laterally the central commercial district. Pedro Joseph de Lemos, a craftsman, graphic artist and curator of the Stanford Museum had been concerned with the larger scale and somewhat linear development along University Avenue. He believed that an informal architecture full of whimsy and integrated with nature was indeed compatible with commercial businesses.</p><br>
<p>The first building to go up, in 1925, was the Gotham Shop at 520 Ramona, built by de Lemos, who had bought the property to preserve a very old oak tree (finally removed in the 1980s). He designed the building around the venerable oak and created shops with rustic benches, ceramic tiles and stucco walls. In 1938, de Lemos built another Spanish Colonial Revival commercial office building across the street at 533 - 539 Ramona, with a recessed arched entrance, an interior patio, wrought iron and more tiles.</p><br>
<p>Noted local architects Birge Clark, W. H. Weeks and others added to the Spanish flavor of what de Lemos started. In 1928, Clark designed the multistory Medico-Dental Building at Hamilton and Ramona, which now houses the University Art Center on the ground floor. Across Ramona, Weeks designed the Cardinal Hotel, Palo Altos first non-frame hotel. Excitement attended the Cardinals debut, for it became the scene of tea dances and balls. The hotel had another purpose; it was intended to help make Hamilton a commercial street.</p><br>
<p>The unified aspect of the 500 Ramona Street block was recognized by its designation in 1985 as a Historic District in the National Register of Historic Places. Since then, Plaza Ramona and other remodelings at the University Avenue end of the block have enhanced the theme.</p><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital, originally established as the Norwich State Hospital for the Insane, later shortened to the Norwich Hospital, was a psychiatric hospital located in Preston and Norwich, Connecticut. It opened its doors in October 1904 and operated until October 10, 1996. Throughout the near-century it operated, it housed geriatric patients, chemically dependent patients, and from 1931-1939, tubercular patients. The hospital, which sits on the banks of the Thames River, began with a single building on 100 acres of land, and expanded to over 30 buildings and 900 acres at its peak. A 70 acre property including the hospital was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>After the closure of the hospital in 1996 all remaining patients were transferred out, and the property was left unused and abandoned. Multiple parties expressed interest in the property, and in 2009, the State of Connecticut sold the 393 acres of the Norwich State Hospital site to the town of Preston for $1 and with the sale the town of Preston agreed to perform the needed environmental remediation of the property before any development was to begin on the site. The town of Preston reached an agreement in May 2016 with the Mohegan Tribe to develop the property into the Preston Riverwalk. This is described by the Mohegan Tribe as a "non-gaming destination with outdoor and indoor attractions, hotel and retail space, restaurants, housing, a marina, an RV Park and more".</p><br>
<p>Currently the grounds of the State Hospital are undergoing remediation and demolition work in preparation for the planned Preston Riverwalk. The Mohegan Tribe has stated that the Administration building will be preserved and restored as part of the project.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development of the grounds</h3><br>
<p>In October, 1904 when the hospital first opened, it held 95 patients and was a single building. The facility quickly outgrew its meager beginnings, and by fall of 1905, it held 151 patients and had expanded its housing by adding two additional buildings. The original building was soon converted to administrative offices. In 1907, a third patient building was opened, and over the next eight years, there would be the addition of thirteen structures to the grounds. The hospital began to branch out, no longer creating housing intended only for patients, but for hospital physicians, a laboratory, an employees club, a main kitchen and various other structures to support the every-day workings of the hospital. Like most mental hospitals at that time, it was self-sufficient, a barn, two garages, a paint shop and a greenhouse were also added. By the end of the 1930s, over twenty buildings had been added to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>To provide an identification system, each building was originally assigned a letter name. The original campus had ward buildings grouped in pairs and designated as "North" for female patients or "South" for male patients. Around 1940, each building was given a name in honor of the founding superintendents of the American Psychiatric Association and well-known mental health advocates such as Thomas Story Kirkbride and Dorothea Dix. Later buildings were named after recognized contributors to the hospital, including Connecticut governors Abraham Ribicoff and John Davis Lodge. The Ronald H. Kettle Center opened in 1960 as the new medical-surgical facility and was the largest building on the property. Built like a general hospital, it reflected the then-modern belief that mental illness could be treated biologically on a short-term stay, thus reducing the need for antiquated long-term care wards. The Ribicoff Research Center was built perpendicular to Kettle to facilitate the discovery of new treatment techniques. Gradually, as the number of patients and employees began to decrease, when a new structure was built, an older one would be closed, and by the early 1970s, only 7 of the original buildings were still in use, the others used for either storage or abandoned completely. As the process of deinstitutionalization progressed, a new law required all patients&#39; cases to be reviewed every two years. This, along with threats of strike from the union, lead to the hospital vacating many more of its buildings in 1979. By the time the hospital closed in 1996, only a fraction of the campus was still operating. All patients were now housed in the Kettle building along with geriatric patients in Seymour. The Gallup building continued to house the Boneski Treatment Center for chemical dependency, and other buildings still in use up to closure included Administration, Lodge, Russell, Ribicoff, the chapel, utility buildings, and employee housing facilities across the street.</p><br>
<p>Due to the large number to structures and the hundreds of acres they stood on, the majority of buildings were connected by a series of underground passageways. The main purpose of these tunnels were for the utilities, however, they were often used to transport patients from one area to another. In the mid 2000&#39;s, the tunnels became a means of transportation for trespassers who hope to explore the grounds of the hospital undetected by the security officers who have been hired by the state to patrol the vacant site.</p><br>
<h3>Timeline of changes and patient census (1904 to 1996)</h3><br>
<p>1904-Established as Norwich State Hospital for the Insane, patient population was 95</p><br>
<p>1904-Henry M. Pollock, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1905-Establishment of a training school for nurses</p><br>
<p>1913-Patient population was 998</p><br>
<p>1916-Patient population was 1,227</p><br>
<p>1917-Franklin Wilcox, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1918-Patient population was 1,231</p><br>
<p>1920-Patient population was 1,341</p><br>
<p>1926-Name was changed to Norwich State Hospital</p><br>
<p>1928-Elijah S. Burdsall, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1929-Patient population was 2,175</p><br>
<p>1930-Patient population was 2,422, training school for nurses closed due to inability to meet the standards of the State Board of Nurse Examiners</p><br>
<p>1934-Chester A. Waterman, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1939-Patient population was 2,918.</p><br>
<p>1939-Governor Baldwin and the State Legislature form the Commission on the Treatment and Care of People Afflicted with Physical or Mental Disabilities. First order of business was the investigation of conditions at Norwich State Hospital.</p><br>
<p>1940-William A. Bryan, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1941-For the first time since opening, discharges of patients (917) exceeded the admissions of patients (626)</p><br>
<p>1942-Superintendent Bryan responds to the staffing crisis during World War II by using conscientious objectors</p><br>
<p>1942-Superintendent Bryan employs selected patients to serve as "patient attendants" during World War II</p><br>
<p>1945-Riley H. Guthrie, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1948-Ronald H. Kettle, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1953-Administratively transferred to the Department of Mental Health</p><br>
<p>1955-Patient population was 3,184 (highest annual average in hospital&#39;s history)</p><br>
<p>1960-Patient population was 2,685</p><br>
<p>1961-Renamed Norwich Hospital</p><br>
<p>1966-Morgan Martin, M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1972-Patient population was 1,148</p><br>
<p>1978-Francis K. Hayes became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1984-Luigi Saracino M.D. became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1985-Garrell S. Mullaney became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1988-National Register of Historic Places listing</p><br>
<p>1994-Total beds were 649</p><br>
<p>1996-Andrew S. Phillips became Superintendent</p><br>
<p>1996-Norwich Hospital was officially closed and remaining patients were transferred to Connecticut Valley Hospital</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Hospital Buildings</h3><br>
<h3>Patient Ward Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Fifteen physician&#39;s cottages, a power house, kitchen, and laundry building were constructed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Numerous cottages, a trade school, firehouse, carpenter and maintenance shop, club house, staff house, greenhouse, and garages were constructed on the campus.</p><br>
<p>Numerous farm buildings were demolished in the 1970s after the hospital discontinued its agricultural therapy.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register in 1988. The NRHP listing included 40 contributing buildings and two contributing structures on 70 acres. It includes work by architects Cudworth & Woodworth. It includes Colonial Revival and Late Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district was deemed historically significant as illustrating a historic view of mental health treatment.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, when Norwich State Hospital was closed, the State Department of Public Works (DPW) became responsible for the property. In 2005, after several unsuccessful attempts to sell the property, The DPW proposed the sale of 419 acre of the former hospital&#39;s campus to the town of Preston, and 61 acre to the town of Norwich for one dollar. Both towns were given three years to close the transfer of the property.</p><br>
<p>In March, 2009, the town of Preston purchased 390 acre of the property offered to them by the state. In spring of 2009, the Preston Redevelopment Agency was created to oversee the development of the newly acquired property. According to the sale agreement, the state would provide for the security presence, maintenance and insurance of the property until March, 2010, at which point the town of Preston would take responsibility for the cost of these, as well as begin the property cleanup.</p><br>
<h2>Proposals</h2><br>
<p>Since the DPW first made an offer to the town of Preston to purchase a portion of the Norwich State Hospital, several proposals have been submitted for the use of the property. One of the earliest proposals was submitted by Utopia Studios, and was approved in May 2006. Utopia promised an entertainment complex consisting of a theme park, 4,200 hotel rooms, a performing arts school and a movie studio. The projected cost of this project was around $1.6 billion and was viewed favorably by the voters. However, in November of the same year, the proposal was canceled by the town due to Utopia missing several key deadlines and, most importantly, failing to place $53 million in escrow as agreed.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, two developers, Northlang Investment Corporation and Preston Gateway Partners LLC, sought for approval to develop the land. The town accepted Northland&#39;s proposal for a billion-dollar luxury resort, but in November 2008, this plan was ended as well. Since then, eight additional developers have submitted proposals to develop the property, but as of March 2010 no agreement has been reached.</p><br>
<p>The property, which has become known as the Preston Riverwalk, had been considered for a project by the town&#39;s parks and recreation department. This would have included a public access park for bird-watching, fishing and various other outdoor activities. On May 13, 2016, the Mohegan Tribe reached an agreement with Town of Preston to purchase the land. According to the Hartford Courant, the land will be used "for office, retail, entertainment, recreation and possibly housing." It will not become tribal land, meaning that whatever is built there will be a source of state and local tax revenue.</p><br>
<h2>Demolition, Site Remediation & Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital is listed on both the state and national historic register as a place of architectural and historical significance and thus many of the buildings, grounds, and infrastructure can not be removed (or even cleaned of medical waste material) without exception from both state and federal historical authorities.</p><br>
<p>Demolition on the property began in Spring 2011, with the intentional caving-in of the service tunnels surrounding the Administration building. The Salmon, Awl, and the Cafeteria-Theater buildings were demolished by end of 2011. In 2012, the Ribicoff, the Power Plant, Chapel buildings along with several cottages were demolished. Demolition continued through November 2014, exposing the interior stairwell of the Kettle building which was featured in The Day. All interior roadways were stripped of asphalt by mid-late 2018 and a major excavation commenced near the site of the Lodge building.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building has been weatherized to prevent further decay and will be saved for future development. In late 2020 the discovery of buried coal ash and its mandated remediation have required more funding to complete the cleanup. By August 2021, all buildings on the Preston side of the campus have been demolished except for the Ray, Gallup, and Mitchell buildings. A time capsule was discovered within the Russell Occupational Therapy building. The Preston Redevelopment Agency proposed transferring this time capsule to the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>Preston Redevelopment Agency stated in October 2023 that all remaining structures would stand until the property is transferred to the Mohegan Tribe. The Mohegan Tribe stated that the only structure that will be preserved once development begins is the Administration building. As of May 2024, remediation activities continue at the site.</p><br>
<h2>TV appearances</h2><br>
<p>Episodes two and four of season one of VH1&#39;s Celebrity Paranormal Project were filmed at the mental hospital though most likely to protect the place it was referred to as Warson Asylum for the Criminally Insane during both episodes.</p><br>
<p>The Norwich State Hospital was featured in the TV series Life After People, in the episode titled "Crypt of Civilization", which aired on January 19, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Syfy Channel&#39;s Ghost Hunters paranormal investigating team explored the location in their sixth season which aired May 5, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood is a neighborhood in the South Side of Providence, Rhode Island. The triangular region is demarcated by Broad Street, Elmwood Avenue, and Interstate 95.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the 1850s, the region had been used primarily as farm land. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as the city began to expand south and west with the development of manufacturing and shipping interests, the area began to develop. In the 1840s through 1860s, as the city of Providence expanded from a population of 23,000 to past 50,000, development crept southwestward along Broad Street. As areas began to be densely populated, the remaining farms were subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood takes its name from one of its principal developers, Joseph J. Cooke, who in 1843 purchased a large tract of farm land and named the estate "Elmwood". He and other developers sought to build a model suburban community with wide streets and shade-giving elm trees.</p><br>
<p>As public transportation improved from omnibuses (horse-drawn carriages) to horse-drawn tracked cars, and finally to electrified streetcars, development began to quicken pace. A number of manufacturers moved to Elmwood, while the area near Public St, Elmwood Ave, and Potters Ave began to develop as a middle to upper class residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>As the automobile came to increase in popularity, businesses in the form of car dealerships, garages, and service stations would proliferate along Elmwood Avenue. As the trolley service was bustituted, Elmwood Ave was widened significantly and the elm trees Cooke planted had to be removed. These changes in streetscape changed the character of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>When the 1950s came, Interstate 95 was constructed, and many single-family homes were converted into apartments. Combined with the aging housing stock and traffic congestion, the neighborhood became less appealing to the middle-class, who left in large numbers during this time. By the early and mid 1970s, spot demolition on dilapidated houses became common and Elmwood fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In more recent years, there have been many efforts to restore many older mansions and revitalize the neighborhood. In 1980, two large, predominantly residential areas of Elmwood were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Elmwood Historic District, with emphasis on their nineteenth century revival and Victorian houses. Additionally, the City of Providence has established local (municipal level) historic districts as North Elmwood and South Elmwood, which protect historic properties and the neighborhoods historic identity by restricting exterior modifications of architectural items such as windows, porches, slate roofs, etc. Restoration efforts in Elmwood were featured on when he helps 11 neighbors with various projects over the course of 13 episodes highlighting the historic nature of homes in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood remains one of the most ethnically, culturally, and racially diverse in the city., 56.7% of the population was Hispanic, 23.3% Black or African-American, 23.6% White (10.5% Non-Hispanic White), 9.3% Asian, and 1.8% Native American. 70% of children under the age of six spoke a language other than English as their primary language.</p><br>
<p>Median family income rates were well below the citywide average. Nearly 28% of families lived below the poverty line while nearly 17% received some form of public assistance. Nearly one in four children had been exposed to high amounts of lead, mostly from lead paint in older homes.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>At the municipal level of government, most of Elmwood is within Ward 9, though the area of Elmwood north of Potters Avenue falls within Ward 11. Carmen Castillo and Mary Kay Harris represent Wards 9 and 11, respectively, in the Providence City Council. Both are Democrats.</p><br>
<p>At the state level, nearly all of Elmwood falls within Rhode Island House District 11, with the exception of the area of Elmwood which lies west of Elmwood Avenue to the south of Columbus Square, which is in House District 10. Grace Díaz serves as the state representative for District 11; she was first elected in 2004. Scott Slater serves as the state representative for District 10; he was first elected in a special election in November 2009. All of Elmwood falls within Rhode Island Senate District 2; Elmwood is represented by Ana Quezada, who was elected to the seat in 2016.</p><br>
<p>At the federal level, all of Elmwood falls within RI Congressional District 1. David Cicilline, first elected in 2010, currently fills that seat.</p><br>
<h2>Parks, green space, and urban tree canopy</h2><br>
<p>Green space in Elmwood consists of parks, community gardens, and cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood has five small parks: Sackett Street Park and Amos Earley Park south of Sackett Street, Jennifer Rivera Memorial Park on Niagara Street at Potters Avenue, Peace and Plenty Park at the intersection of Peace Street and Updike Street, and Columbus Square at the intersection of Elmwood and Reservoir Avenues. Except for Columbus Square, each of these parks has playground equipment for children.</p><br>
<p>There are several community gardens in Elmwood, including Cadillac Drive Community Garden, Laura Street Community Garden, and Peace and Plenty Community Garden.</p><br>
<p>Additional green space in Elmwood is provided by two historic cemeteries along Elmwood Avenue: Grace Church Cemetery at the northern tip of Elmwood, and Locust Grove Cemetery, which is part of the Providence Public Parks System and is adjacent to the South Elmwood Local Historic District. Immediately to the south of the neighborhood lies Roger Williams Park, the city&#39;s premier public park.</p><br>
<p>The urban forest in Elmwood is composed of trees in parks and cemeteries, trees on private property, and street trees which line the sidewalks of the neighborhood., Elmwoods Urban Tree Canopy was estimated at 16.3% of total land area. Elmwoods urban tree canopy was below the citywide average, which was 23% of total land area.</p><br>
<h2>Schools and libraries</h2><br>
<p>Elmwood has several schools within its neighborhood borders. The Sackett Street School is a public elementary school. Charter Schools operating in the neighborhood are Highlander Charter School and Paul Cuffee Upper School. Sophia Academy is an independent middle school for Providence residents. The Montessori Community School of Rhode Island offers a Montessori education.</p><br>
<p>The Knight Memorial Library on Elmwood Avenue services Elmwood, the West End, and other south side neighborhoods. The library was financed by the children of textile magnate Robert Knight on property which had been part of Knight&#39;s estate. The 17,000 square foot library was designed by renowned architect Edward Lippincott Tilton with a grand Italian Renaissance exterior and Beaux Arts Neoclassical interior, and opened in 1924. The building was temporarily closed for "urgent repairs and upgrades" in 2017, and considered "endangered" by the Providence Preservation Society in 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Arts and culture</h2><br>
<p>In northern Elmwood, Teatro ECAS is a Spanish-language performing arts space. At the northern tip of Elmwood Avenue, and at the nexus of the Elmwood, Upper South Providence, and the West End neighborhoods, the Southside Cultural Center of Rhode Island hosts a number of arts and cultural organizations and offers performance space.</p><br>
<p>In 2018–19, the historic 1921 Bomes Theatre on Broad Street underwent a "complete restoration". The work included restoration of the historic exterior, reproduction 1940s era marquee, modern dinner theatre interior, and the creation of two new retail units and commercial office space on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Hospitals</h2><br>
<p>St Josephs Hospital for Specialty Care was a Catholic hospital located at 21 Peace Street in the northern portion of Elmwood. It once completed a line of four hospitals on the South Side that to the east includes Rhode Island Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, and Hasbro Childrens Hospital.</p><br>
<p>David R. Francis Quadrangle is the historical center of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. Known as The Quad, it is the oldest part of Red Campus and adjacent to Downtown Columbia at the south end of the Avenue of the Columns. At its center are six Ionic columns, all that remains of the original university building Academic Hall. Twelve buildings front the modern quadrangle including the domed main administration building Jesse Hall, the tallest building in Columbia. The Quad was designed and constructed by architect Morris Frederick Bell and his assistant William Lincoln Garver. It is named after Missouri governor David R. Francis. Eighteen structures, including the entire quad and most of Red Campus are listed as the Francis Quadrangle National Historic District. An obelisk, the original tombstone of Thomas Jefferson, stands in front of the Chancellors Residence. It was gifted to the University by Jeffersons descendants in recognition of Missouris ties to Virginia. In front of Jesse Hall stand markers honoring university president Richard Henry Jesse and Missouri governor David R. Francis. Nearby is another obelisk in memory of Missouris first USA senator David Barton, The Missouri School of Journalism is located at the northeast corner of The Quad, comprising Walter Williams Hall, Neff Hall, Gannet Hall, along with the Reynolds Journalism Institute. To the west, Switzler Hall is the oldest academic building on campus, though the Residence on the Quad, home of the chancellor, is the oldest building overall. The University of Missouri College of Engineering completes the west side. Pickard Hall is currently closed due to radiation contamination from turn of the century experiments. Swallow Hall was recently renovated and houses the Departments of Anthropology, Visual Studies and Ancient Mediterranean Studies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the genesis of the University of Missouri the only building among a great forest campus was Academic Hall. Constructed by architect Stephen Hills from 1840 to 1843 out of red brick and limestone quarried from the bluff of Hinkson Creek, this was the only academic building of the university for many years. In 1843 a mansion was built next door for the President of the University of Missouri. During the American Civil War, Union troops occupied Academic Hall and burned the ancient forest and parts of the library for firewood. Academic Hall was damaged and the president mansion was burned in 1865. After the war, the university sued the federal government for damages, eventually winning and building the Memorial Gateway on the Avenue of the Columns with the money. A new President&#39;s Mansion was built in 1867 and still stands today. The need for expansion after the war necessitated the construction of Scientific Hall, now Switzler Hall in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The burning of Academic Hall on a cold January night in 1892 ushered in a time of great change for the university. There was much support in the Missouri Legislature to move the University to Sedalia. The Governor of Missouri, David R. Francis, sent a telegram to the students of the university assuring them that he would fight to keep the campus in Columbia. He later traveled to Columbia to address the citizens, faculty, and students. After calling for a special session of the Missouri Legislature he was able to appropriate $250,000 for the rebuilding. The University of Missouri was rebuilt in a quad around the columns, with "New Academic Hall" later renamed Jesse Hall on the south, and the Avenue of the Columns on the North.</p><br>
<p>On October 23, 2010 the quad was featured as the location of an ESPN&#39;s College GameDay. An ESPN record of over 18,000 fans showed up.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Geology Building</h3><br>
<p>The Geology Building is the newest stand-alone building on The Quad.</p><br>
<h3>Hill Hall</h3><br>
<p>Hill Hall was built in 1950 and named after former President of The University Albert Ross Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Jesse Hall</h3><br>
<p>Jesse Hall was constructed in 1892 as the "New Academic Hall". It was later renamed after MU president Richard Henry Jesse. The dome rises nine stories above the quad, and is one of the most recognized symbols of MU. It was designed by architect Morris Frederick Bell, and serves as the administrative center for the University of Missouri–Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>Lafferre Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Engineering Building was built in 1892 and lies on the west side of the quad. After a significant donation, the building is now called Lafferre Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Pickard Hall</h3><br>
<p>Pickard Hall was built in 1892 and contained the MU Art and Archaeology Museum until 2013, when it was closed due to latent radiation from experiments dating 1910-1930. It was named after professor of archaeology and art history John Pickard.</p><br>
<h3>Residence on the Quad</h3><br>
<p>The Residence on The Quad was built in 1867 and stands on the East side of the quad. It is the oldest building left standing on campus. Thomas Jeffersons original tombstone stands between this building and The Columns. The Residence is intended to be the official home of the Universitys chancellor.</p><br>
<h3>Sociology</h3><br>
<p>The Sociology building was built in 1892 and stands near the northeast corner of the quad. The building has been renovated and turned into the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute.</p><br>
<h3>Swallow Hall</h3><br>
<p>Swallow Hall was built in 1893 and stands on the southeast corner. It is named after George Clinton Swallow, Missouri&#39;s first state geologist. Today the building holds the Museum of Anthropology.</p><br>
<h3>Switzler Hall</h3><br>
<p>Switzler Hall was constructed in 1871 as the "Scientific Building". It is the oldest academic building left standing on campus. Switzler Hall is named after curator William Franklin Switzler. One of the notable attractions of Switzler Hall is the bell tower. The bell was given to the University by Major James S. Rollins and is inscribed with the words "Nunc occasion est et tempus," which translated is, "Now is the occasion and the time." The bell rang each hour classes were in session until 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<h3>The Columns</h3><br>
<p>The Columns that once supported Academic Hall designed by Stephen Hills now stand in the middle of the quad. The Columns are the only remaining part of Academic Hall after it burned on January 9, 1892. In August 1893 the Board of Curators voted to remove the Columns because they thought that they were unsafe and ugly. The Columns were inspected and found that the foundations were sound. Local support for keeping the Columns changed the Board&#39;s mind and the vote was reversed in December 1893. Today, The Columns are the second-most photographed landmarks in the state of Missouri, next to the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.</p><br>
<h3>Thomas Jefferson&#39;s tombstone</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Jeffersons original tombstone stands on the east side of the quad. Jeffersons original tombstone was given to Mizzou by his heirs in July 1883 due to Mizzou being the first University founded within Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Louisiana Purchase.</p><br>
<p>The plaque on the gravestone reads "This original marker, placed at the grave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, Virginia in 1826, constructed from his own design, was presented July 4, 1883, by the Jefferson heirs to the University of Missouri. First state university to be founded in the Louisiana Territory purchased from France during President Jefferson&#39;s administration. The obelisk, dedicated on this campus at commencement June 4, 1885, commemorates Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, whose faith in the future of western America and whose confidence in the people has shaped our national ideals; commemorates the author of the Declaration of Independence and of the Virginia statute for religious freedom, founder of the University of Virginia, fosterer of public education in the United States."</p><br>
<p>And under these words it reads (the original epitaph)</p><br>
<p>"Here was buried Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of American Independence of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom and FATHER of the University of Virginia"</p><br>
<h3>Francis Marker</h3><br>
<p>As tribute to former governor of Missouri, David R. Francis, a statue of stands just northeast of the entrance to Jesse Hall. It is a tradition that before an exam a student will rub his nose to receive an A on the exam. Due to the traditions popularity the statues nose has been replaced three times since its dedication.</p><br>
<h3>Barton Marker</h3><br>
<p>A stone marker memorializing Missouri&#39;s first senator David Barton stands at the southwest corner of The Quad.</p><br>
<h3>British House of Parliament Stone</h3><br>
<p>A Stone from the House of Parliament stands outside the J-School.</p><br>
<h3>Chinese Lions</h3><br>
<p>Two ancient Chinese lions guard the archway to 9th Street at the northeastern side of The Quad.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph D. Oliver House, also known as Copshaholm, sits on 808 W. Washington Street, at the corner of Chapin Street in South Bend, Indiana. The mansion was built for the Oliver family, founders of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, and named after the Scottish village of the patriarch. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1895–96, Copshaholm is a 38-room Romanesque Queen Anne house designed by New York architect Charles Alonzo Rich. The furnishings on all three floors are original, giving visitors a glimpse of how the mansion appeared during the 72 years the Oliver family had occupancy.</p><br>
<p>Oak, cherry and mahogany woodwork are found throughout Copshaholm. Leaded glass windows and 14 unique fireplaces add to the beauty of the house. The furnishings include porcelains, glass, silver, prints, and bronzes, including some by Bartolozzi and Lorado Taft. The furniture is all original and display beautiful antiques.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding Copshaholm are 2.5 acre of landscaped gardens, including a garden tea house, formal Italianate garden, rose garden, pergola, tennis lawn, and fountain.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Lamb and Rich (1882-1903) of New York City. It is a</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne style with substantial Romanesque features. The pergola and Italian sunken garden were designed by Alice E. Neale of New York City. The House is three floor with an attic. The basement and first two levels are Indiana fieldstone granite, culled from the countryside of St. Joseph County. The porch pillars are Vermont stone. The third floor and the attic are sheathed in tile. The roof is a simple ridge with gable ends and a tower on the northeast corner. On the back is a projecting gable with dormer windows The music room and den are separate one story projections.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally wired for electricity and piped for gas. The gas has been removed, but several of the gas jets remain in place. The original water system consisted of two wells. The water was pumped to a holding tank in the attic and the gravity lines serviced all the baths, kitchen, and laundry. This system is still used today, using in holding tanks.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Burlingame, Roger; March of the Iron Men, 1938</p><br>
<p>Delaney, J.J. "The Beginnings of Industrial South Bend," M.A. Dissertation, Notre Dame: (1951)</p><br>
<p>Esslinger, D.R. "The Urbanization of South Bend&#39;s Immigrant 1850-1880" (Ph.D. Dissertation, Notre Dame: 1972)</p><br>
<p>Kaempffert, Waldemar; A Popular History of American Invention (1924); Anderson and Cooley, South Bend and the Men Who Made It (1901)</p><br>
<p>"James Oliver," Dictionary of American Biography; D.L. Meikle, "James Oliver and the Oliver Chilled Plow Works," (Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana Univ; 1958)</p><br>
<p>Shannon, Fred; The Farmer&#39;s Last Frontier, 1865-1900 (1945); R. L. Ardrey, American Agricultural Implements (1894); John W. Oliver, History of American Technology (1956)</p><br>
<p>St. Clair Flats Front and Rear Range Light are two lighthouse structures situated off the southeastern tip of Harsens Island at Lake St. Clair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the late 1830s, it was recognized that constructing a shipping channel through the delta at the base of the Saint Clair River would be an aid in shipping. An 1842 survey by the Corps of Topographical Engineers recommended dredging the channel, but due in part to opposition by President James K. Polk, no federal funds were appropriated for a decade. In 1852, $20,000 was appropriated for improvements, but the money was quickly spent with little result. Meanwhile, the opening of the St. Mary&#39;s Falls Ship Canal in Sault Ste. Marie increased shipping through the Great Lakes, and left the Saint Clair delta as the major bottleneck to commerce through the lakes.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s, numerous ship ran aground in the area, often blocking the entire canal and preventing access by other ships. Congress voted to appropriate further funds for improvements in 1854, but President Franklin Pierce vetoed the bills, as he did again in 1855 and 1856. By this time, the problem was severe, and in 1856, Congress overrode the presidential veto, and $45,000 was appropriated. From this funding, the canal dredging was completed, and two lighthouses and a nearby beacon constructed at the mouth of the channel. The two lighthouses were completed by 1859.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, a further $60,000 was appropriated for improvements. However, the United States Army Corps of Engineers recommended abandoning the current channel (known as the "south channel") and opening up a new Saint Clair Flats channel. This new channel was opened in 1870, after which the older channel became less important, but still used.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the front light began to lean. It was dismantled and rebuilt using the original stone and timber crib. By the early 20th century, the lights had become less useful, and in 1907 their use was discontinued.</p><br>
<p>Despite the 1875 reconstruction, the front light began to lean further due to erosion near the base of the light. In 1990, the base was reinforced by constructing a steel cell and filling it with limestone for temporary support. In the fall of 1996, a permanent seawall was completed around the front light island.</p><br>
<p>The rear light was constructed with a large keeper&#39;s house on the island surrounding the light. The house was demolished in the early 1930s. However, later vandalism has played a part in the overall deterioration of the rear light, which is also in need of major foundation work. Current restoration has been taking place on the rear light.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two range light towers are located in shallow water nearly a mile from the nearest land. The front range light is the smaller of the two, It is a cylindrical yellow brick tower, measuring 17 feet tall and tapering from 11 feet in diameter at the base to 10 feet in diameter in diameter at the top. It sits on a stone base atop a submerged timber crib structure. A single square-head door in the base of the tower leads to a circular iron staircase inside, which goes up to the lantern. The light originally had a ten-sided, iron lantern and an ornamental iron railing. These have disappeared, and the navigational light is now fitted with a plastic lens.</p><br>
<p>The larger, rear range light is also a cylindrical, brick structure atop a square stone pier. It is constructed of off-white brick, slightly lighter in hue than the yellow brick of the other light. The tower measures about 40 feet tall, and the original, ten-sided, iron lantern remains in place. A round-head entrance in the base and a circular iron staircase leads to the lantern platform.</p><br>
<p>The Gluek House is a historic Colonial Revival house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The house was built by John and Minnie Gluek. John was the son of the founder of the Gluek Brewing Company, a regional brewery in the Minneapolis area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Paul Larson, who wrote the National Register nomination, cited it as a fine example of Victorian architecture with its Georgian Revival detail and ornamentation. The two-story carriage house in back is even more distinctive, with quarters for horses as well as storage for the hay that fed them. Larson said the carriage house "has to have the fanciest hay storage doors in the Twin Cities." Many of the details inside the house are still intact, including the original icebox.</p><br>
<p>The house has recently been purchased by new owners, who plan to modernize the house while keeping its historical character.</p><br>
<p>Knollwood is an antebellum historic house at 6411 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It is also known as Knollwood Hall, Major Reynolds House, the Tucker Mansion and Bearden Hill. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The home and plantation were developed on land purchased from James White, the founder of Knoxville. Construction was supervised by Major Robert Reynolds&#39; sister, Rebecca, while he was serving in the Mexican–American War. The house was completed in 1851. The home was originally built in the Federal style, but neoclassical details were added in the late 19th century. A later owner, Charles W. Griffith, added the distinctive front porch in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Confederate General James Longstreet used the home as his headquarters in late 1863; he is reputed to have planned the Battle of Fort Sanders, part of the Knoxville Campaign, in the dining room.</p><br>
<p>Knollwood was one of several antebellum plantations located along Kingston Pike in what was then western Knox County. Others included the Baker Peters House, Armstrong-Lockett House (Crescent Bend), Bleak House, and the Mabry Hood House (now demolished). Architecturally, Knollwood has a more significant presence than the Baker Peters House and Mabry Hood House.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey Tucker family, wealthy Knoxvillians involved in the hospitality industry (i.e., Quality Courts, now part of Choice Hotels, Inc.), owned the house in the mid-to-late 20th century. Through the era when the Tucker family lived at Knollwood, the sweeping front lawn remained undeveloped. The house was known informally as the Tucker Mansion in this era. The plantation itself and the front lawn no longer exist, due to surrounding development. The mansion, itself, survives and has been renovated, but it now serves as the headquarters for Schaad Companies. It is not open to the public, but has been used by Knox Heritage for a social event.</p><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is a two-story stone house in Knox County, Tennessee, United States. Also known as Swan Pond, the house was constructed in 1797 by English architect Thomas Hope for Colonel Francis Alexander Ramsey , whose family operated a plantation at the site until the USA Civil War. In 1969, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and its role in the region&#39;s early 19th-century history.</p><br>
<p>Francis Alexander Ramsey arrived in what is now Greene County in 1783, and shortly thereafter made a surveying trip down the Holston River, where he first identified the future site of the Ramsey House. Throughout the 1780s, he served as an official of the fledgling State of Franklin, and later served in various capacities in the governments of the Southwest Territory and the State of Tennessee. Ramsey&#39;s children included early Knoxville mayor, W. B. A. Ramsey, and early Tennessee historian and businessman, J. G. M. Ramsey, both of whom occupied the Ramsey House at various times. Due to their Confederate sympathies, the Ramseys fled Knoxville when the Union Army occupied the city during the Civil War, and the family sold the house in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Knoxville Chapter of the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities (APTA) purchased the Ramsey House in 1952, and currently maintains the house and grounds as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is situated in a broad valley just over a mile east of Forks-of-the-River, where the Holston River and French Broad River join to form the Tennessee River. The property managed by APTA, which includes the Ramsey House, a visitor&#39;s center, and gardens, covers 101.5 acre. The house and grounds are located at 2614 Thorngrove Pike, just off John Sevier Highway (TN-168).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history and development</h3><br>
<p>Francis Alexander Ramsey was born in Pennsylvania in 1764 to Scotch-Irish parents, and moved to Greene County, Tennessee in 1783. That year, North Carolina (which controlled what is now East Tennessee) opened up Cherokee lands north of the French Broad to settlement, and Ramsey, James White, and several other explorers began making excursions into what is now the Knoxville area in search of new land. On one such expedition, Ramsey discovered a game-rich beaver dam pond which he named "Swan Pond." He was issued a grant for Swan Pond and its surrounding land in November 1786.</p><br>
<p>Ramseys rise to prominence in the failed State of Franklin (1784&ndash;1788) kept him occupied for the remainder of the decade, and it wasnt until 1792&mdash; after he had been appointed clerk for the newly formed Southwest Territory&mdash; that he decided to move to Swan Pond, which lay just outside the territory&#39;s new capital at Knoxville. Ramsey chose to build his new house on a peninsula in the pond, although due to malaria concerns, he was forced to drain the pond before the house was constructed. London-trained architect Thomas Hope designed the house, and probably built it between 1795 and 1797.</p><br>
<p>In the years after its completion, the Ramsey House came to be part of a sizeable plantation. Upon Ramsey&#39;s death in 1820, the house passed to his eldest son, W.B.A. Ramsey. In 1840, W.B.A Ramsey sold the house to his brother, J.G.M. Ramsey (1797&ndash;1884), In 1857, J.G.M. Ramsey gave the Ramsey House to his son, also named Francis Alexander Ramsey, as a wedding present.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War</h3><br>
<p>J.G.M. Ramsey played an active role in the economic development of East Tennessee. He helped establish the regions first medical society, served as president of the Bank of East Tennessee, and fought to bring railroads to the region. of creating false pension funds for employees. His continued attacks helped Horace Maynard defeat John Crozier Ramsey for the districts Congressional seat in 1859.</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Ramseys, who were states rights Democrats, sided with the Confederacy, drawing them further into conflict with Brownlow, who was a radical anti-secessionist. In December 1861, John Crozier Ramsey, who had been appointed Knox Countys district attorney, had Brownlow jailed on charges of conspiring to burn railroad bridges in East Tennessee. The Ramseys demanded Brownlow be hanged, but the Confederate Army, fearing a public backlash, released him. Due in part to Brownlows influence, J.G.M. Ramseys Mecklenburg mansion&mdash; with its invaluable library&mdash; was burned when the Union Army occupied Knoxville in 1863.</p><br>
<p>With Mecklenburg in ruins, the Ramseys, who had fled to South Carolina on approach of the Union Army in 1863, decided not to return to Knoxville. The Ramsey House was sold to William Spurgien in 1866, and afterward began to deteriorate. J.G.M. Ramsey eventually moved back to Knoxville in the 1870s, and was deeply saddened at the state of the Ramsey House. His autobiography, written during this period, included a poem lamenting the house&#39;s decline.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1927, the Bonnie Kate Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a marker at the Ramsey House commemorating the site as the birthplace of J.G.M. Ramsey, whose book, the Annals of Tennessee, had become an important work on the states early history. In the following decade, the house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. In 1952, APTAs Knoxville Chapter purchased the house with the help of state and local governments, and began restoring it. The roof and windows were replaced, and an old log cabin was moved to the site to represent the cabin used by the Ramseys in the 1790s while the main house was being built.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Ramsey House is a two-story Late Georgian house, built primarily of local pink marble with blueish-gray limestone trim. This blueish-gray limestone forms a "belt" around the house about midway up the walls, and also forms the house&#39;s four corners. The house has a "dogtrot" kitchen wing, with the southwest corner of the kitchen wing joining the northeast corner of the main house. Exterior ornamentation includes hand-carved cornices and window arches consisting of nine narrow stones each.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s interior follows a central hall floor plan. The front door opens into a hallway, with a library/parlor room to the left and a dining room to the right. The second floor has two bedrooms, a bonus room, and a door which used to lead to the roof of the porch (the porch is no longer there). The kitchen wing is also two stories, although there is no passage from the second story of the main wing to the second story of the kitchen wing. The house has three chimneys&mdash; one at both ends of the main wing, and one at the end of the kitchen wing&mdash; and six fireplaces in all. The interior has been outfitted with period furniture, most notably two Chippendale chairs given to Francis Alexander Ramsey and his wife, Peggy, as a wedding present.</p><br>
<p>Bleak House is an antebellum Classical Revival style house in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was first occupied by Robert Houston Armstrong and his wife, Louisa Franklin. It was built in 1858 for the couple as a wedding gift by the brides father, Major Lawson D. Franklin. Robert Armstrongs father, Drury Armstrong, gave them the land. The Armstrongs named the house after Charles Dickens&#39; "Bleak House" novel of the same name. The bricks in the house were molded on-site using slave labor.</p><br>
<p>The home was used by Confederate Generals James Longstreet and Lafayette McLaws as their headquarters from November 17 to December 4 of 1863 during the Battle of Knoxville. Three Confederate sharpshooters who were stationed in the house&#39;s tower were killed by Union cannonballs. Two of the cannonballs are still embedded in the walls, and Civil War-era sketches of the slain soldiers are displayed on the walls of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The home now belongs to local Chapter 89 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and is commonly called Confederate Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>Crescent Bend, built by Robert Armstrongs father, Drury, and Westwood, built by Roberts daughter, Adelia Armstrong Lutz, still stand a few blocks from the Bleak House on Kingston Pike.</p><br>
<p>Avent Cabin, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Elkmont, Tennessee, United States, is an early Appalachian mountain cabin that was used as a summer studio and retreat by noted artist Mayna Treanor Avent . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Built around 1850 by the Ownby Family, it was constructed as a one-room cabin from poplar logs. The building has a gable roof, an exterior cobblestone and concrete chimney and a stone foundation. The main cabin is rectangular 16 ft by 23.5 ft. The logs are half dovetail notched with both mud and concrete chinking. Originally, there was only a single window and door in the cabin and no stone fireplace. Two of the entrance doors are vertical board design and date to about 1910. On the rear or east is a shed roof wing with vertical board siding that contains a kitchen and an enclosed porch.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased in 1918 by Frank Avent, husband of Mayna Avent, for $200 from the Ownby family and remodeled into its present appearance in 1926. Ownership of the cabin and its 18.5 acres of land was transferred to the National Park Service in 1932. A lease was given to the son of Frank and Mayna Avent, James Avent and his wife Jeannette and remained with the Avent family until its expiration in 1992. Significant alternations were made in 1972, some of which were removed in 1992-1993 when the Avent lease expired to restore it to be closer to its appearance when it was used as a studio.</p><br>
<p>It is the only authentic Appalachian Settler cabin that remains along Jake&#39;s Creek in its original location.</p><br>
<h2>Use as the Avent Studio</h2><br>
<p>Mayna Avent began using the cabin as a studio in 1919 and continued to do so for over 20 years. Several alterations to the structure were made to make it more conducive for studio use. For example, to improve illumination, two large openings were created: a window at the southwest elevation, and at the southeast wall, a pane glassed door providing access to the porch. A stone fireplace and stone chimney were constructed at the northeast wall.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The cabin is located approximately 1 mi south of Elkmont, Tennessee on the west side of Jakes Creek Valley. It is accessible on the Jakes Creek Trail which passes approximately 200 yds to the east of the cabin. A footpath winds down to Jake&#39;s Creek crossing over traces of the old Elkmont Road, crosses over the Creek by a foot-log bridge, and up the ridge where the cabin is located on a steep bluff.</p><br>
<p>At an altitude of 2,700 ft, the cabin lies on a steep side of a ridge overlooking Jake&#39;s Creek Valley. Small areas of the forest were cleared by the Ownby family for apple orchards, potato and corn fields and for bee-keeping. Stone retaining walls, some of which can still be seen, were constructed to support the leveling of the topology for agricultural use.</p><br>
<p>AventCabinSign.jpgSign below Cabin</p><br>
<p>AventCabinKitchenEntrance.jpgKitchen Entrance</p><br>
<p>AventCabinChimney.jpgExterior Chimney and corner detail with a stone retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>AventCabinPorch.jpgPorch</p><br>
<p>AventCabinLoftFromBelow.jpgInterior Loft From Below</p><br>
<p>AventCabinFirePlace.jpgFireplace</p><br>
<p>AventCabinInteriorLadder.jpgInterior Loft Ladder</p><br>
<p>AventCabinJakesCreekBridge.jpgBridge Crossing Jake&#39;s Creek below</p><br>
<p>AventCabinJakesCreek.jpgJake&#39;s Creek Upstream View</p><br>
<p>AventCabinOppositeRidge.jpgView across Jake&#39;s Creek Valley</p><br>
<p>The Frankfort Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located on East Main Street in Frankfort, Kentucky. The cemetery is the burial site of Daniel Boone, the famed frontiersman, and contains the graves of other famous Americans including seventeen Kentucky governors and a Vice President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is built on a bluff overlooking the Kentucky River with views of the Kentucky State Capitol, the Kentucky Governor&#39;s Mansion, downtown Frankfort, south Frankfort, and the Capitol District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was created by Judge Mason Brown, son of statesman John Brown, inspired by a visit to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Boston. Brown enlisted other Frankfort civic leaders and on February 27, 1844, the Kentucky General Assembly approved the cemeterys incorporation. The 32 acre property, then called Hunters Garden, was purchased in 1845 for $3,801. Additional land was purchased in 1858 and in 1911 for a total of 100 acres.</p><br>
<p>Brown hired Scottish-born landscape architect Robert Carmichael to design the cemetery. The cemetery is laid out in a style similar to Mount Auburn, with curving lanes, terraces and a circle of vaults. Carmichael imported and planted trees and flowering shrubs from the mountains of Kentucky, intending the cemetery to double as an arboretum in a time when residents could not easily travel to see mountain plants not native to the region. Carmichael is also buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous monuments and memoria in the cemetery. A central feature is the State Mound, featuring a Kentucky War Memorial designed by Robert E. Launitz and inscribed with the names of officers killed in numerous wars. During the American Civil War, Frankfort Cemetery was used for the final resting place of soldiers on both sides of the conflict. Corporal, Lyman B. Hannaford of the 103rd Ohio Infantry notes in his letter dated April 2, 1863, "They are planting (as soldiers term it) a good many soldiers here—almost one per day. That is a good many for the number of troops here."</p><br>
<h2>Interments</h2><br>
<h3>Kentucky Governors</h3><br>
<p>Eighteen Kentucky governors are buried there:</p><br>
<h3>Other notable people</h3><br>
<p>Other notable people buried at Frankfort Cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>Rufus B. Atwood, president of Kentucky State University</p><br>
<p>Bland Ballard, soldier and statesman</p><br>
<p>William T. Barry, member of the United States Senate and United States Postmaster General</p><br>
<p>George M. Bibb, USA Senate and United States Secretary of the Treasury</p><br>
<p>Daniel Boone, American pioneer</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Boone, American pioneer and the wife of Daniel Boone</p><br>
<p>John Brown, lawyer, statesman</p><br>
<p>Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., USA Army general, World War II</p><br>
<p>Johnson N. Camden Jr., USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Henry Clay, Jr., soldier and statesman</p><br>
<p>Henry Crist, Kentucky pioneer, member of the Kentucky General Assembly and the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>George Bibb Crittenden, Confederate Army general</p><br>
<p>Thomas Leonidas Crittenden, Union Army general</p><br>
<p>Anthony Crockett, Revolutionary War soldier and politician</p><br>
<p>John Milton Elliott, judge, murdered</p><br>
<p>Thomas Y. Fitzpatrick, USA Representative, County Judge, County Attorney</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Genesta, magician, drowned</p><br>
<p>Martin D. Hardin, politician</p><br>
<p>Parker Watkins Hardin, politician, Attorney General of Kentucky 1879–1888</p><br>
<p>Joel Tanner Hart, sculptor</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Ann Hulette, professional wrestling manager</p><br>
<p>Enoch Edgar Hume, physician and former mayor of Frankfort, Kentucky</p><br>
<p>Andrew J. James, lawyer and state representative, who served as Attorney General and as Secretary of State of Kentucky</p><br>
<p>Willard Rouse Jillson, Kentucky historian, geologist</p><br>
<p>Richard Mentor Johnson, Vice President of the United States</p><br>
<p>William Lindsay, USA Senate</p><br>
<p>Humphrey Marshall, USA and Confederate States Congressman, Confederate Army general</p><br>
<p>Thomas Francis Marshall, lawyer, politician, Kentucky House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>John Calvin Mason, attorney, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Silas B. Mason, construction contractor who built the Grand Coulee Dam, racehorse owner/breeder who won the 1933 Preakness Stakes</p><br>
<p>Samuel McKee, law, USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Presley O&#39;Bannon, USA Marine credited as first to raise the American flag over foreign soil in 1805 at the Battle of Derna.</p><br>
<p>Theodore O&#39;Hara, poet, newspaperman, soldier</p><br>
<p>Lucy Phenton Pattie, 1842–1922, the only honorary initiated female member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Paynter, USA Senate</p><br>
<p>Paul Sawyier, Kentucky artist</p><br>
<p>Solomon P. Sharp, Attorney General of Kentucky murdered in the Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy</p><br>
<p>John Simpson, soldier, member of the Kentucky General Assembly, Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, and Congressman-elect</p><br>
<p>Daniel Weisiger Swigert, 1883–1912, Thoroughbred racehorse breeder, owner of Elmendorf Farm</p><br>
<p>Isham Talbot, USA Senate</p><br>
<p>Landon Addison Thomas, businessman and member of the Kentucky General Assembly from Frankfort, Kentucky</p><br>
<p>Thomas Todd, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>South Trimble, Kentucky House of Representatives, USA Representative, Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman, businesswoman and philanthropist from Frankfort, Kentucky, was an early supporter of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</p><br>
<p>John White, served in the Kentucky House of Representatives and in the USA House, where he served as Speaker of the House</p><br>
<p>The Webster Telephone Exchange Building is located in North Omaha, Nebraska. It was designed by the well-known Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball. After the Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913, the building was used as the center of recovery operations. In 1933, American Bell donated the building to the Omaha Urban League .</p><br>
<p>The 33-room building is closely associated with Omahas black history, serving as a home to Omahas Urban League and its leader Whitney Young. In 1976 it was converted for use as the Great Plains Black History Museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and also designated a landmark by the City of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally titled “Lake Exchange”, the Webster Telephone Exchange building was opened June 9, 1907 by the Nebraska Telephone Company as one of their exchange buildings. The modified Tudor-style edifice was a central headquarters for recovery operations after the Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913. Telephone operators stayed at their stations during the tornado, and despite shards of glass and reports of mass calamity, continued service immediately afterwards. Victims from the nearby central business district of Near North Omaha were brought to the building, as well.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 the phone company donated the building to the Omaha chapter of the Urban League for use as the Mid-City Community Center. Serving the Near North Side neighborhood, the community center had a library, nursery, dental and medical clinics, and classrooms. The future national civil rights leader Whitney Young kept his offices there in the 1940s. The center was moved in 1956, after which the building was converted to apartments. During the 1960s it was used as the headquarters of Great Omaha Community Action. The building was purchased for use as a museum dedicated to the history of African Americans in 1975 by James T. and Bertha W. Calloway. Shortly after, the family donated the building to the newly organized Great Plains Black History Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, in recognition of its architectural and historic significance. It was closed to the public in 2004 due to the need to replace the 100-year-old roof and other needed improvements.</p><br>
<p>The Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs are located in Grapevine Canyon on Spirit Mountain near Laughlin, Nevada, and are listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The area is also known as Christmas Tree Pass. While the petroglyphs extend through the canyon, a significant concentration lies at the entrance to the canyon which is at an elevation of 2,395 ft. The area features over 700 petroglyphs and many rock shelters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The glyphs were created between 1100 and 1900 AD. Both the meaning of the glyphs and their creators remains unclear although the area was inhabited by the Mojave.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 15, 1984. Mapping of the estimated 250 panels of glyphs was conducted in 2009.</p><br>
<p>In March 2010, David R. Smith, accompanied by two other individuals, defaced 30 areas of petroglyphs by shooting them with an automatic paintball gun. He was sentenced to serve time in federal prison and pay almost $10,000 in restitution.</p><br>
<h2>Grapevine Canyon</h2><br>
<p>The canyon itself is located in the Bridge Canyon Wilderness and the Spirit Mountain Wilderness as well as partially being in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande de Nevada, , is a complex of villages located near Overton, Nevada, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Native American history</h2><br>
<p>The site, also known as Nevada&#39;s "Lost City", was founded by Basketmaker people about 300 A.D., and was later occupied by other groups and the Ancestral Pueblo until 1150 A.D. The site also shows signs of human occupation as early as 8000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Some of the houses in the Lost City had up to 20 rooms, with the largest having 100 rooms.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts from the site are housed in the Lost City Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1827, Jedediah Smith found various artifacts while exploring in the area.</p><br>
<p>John and Fay Perkins, when they heard that Governor James Scrugham was looking for such sites to develop for tourism in Nevada, brought this site to the public attention.</p><br>
<p>Mark Raymond Harrington was the first archaeologist to excavate at the site in 1924, by Scrugham&#39;s request.</p><br>
<p>The Lost City Museum (formerly known as the Boulder Dam Park Museum) was built by the National Park Service in 1935 to exhibit artifacts from Pueblo Grande de Nevada. The most developed sections of the pueblo is partially submerged under the Overton arm of Lake Mead, 5 mi south of Overton as a result of building Boulder Dam.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Location of other related ruins:</p><br>
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<p>*{{coord|36|28|40|N|114|22|32|W|display=inline}}</p><br>
<p>The Hanover Tavern is a community center, theatre, and recreational tavern located in Hanover, Virginia. Originally built in 1733, it is one of the oldest taverns in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first tavern at this site was licensed in 1733 and has continued service without interruption. The inn initially provided food, drink and stable services for travelers.</p><br>
<p>The Hanover County Courthouse is still an operating courthouse, the third oldest in use in the United States. Located along what is now historic USA Route 301, its site was adjacent to the original Shelton Tavern. Founding Father Patrick Henry, married Sarah Shelton, the daughter of John and Eleanor Parks Shelton, the owners of the Tavern from 1750–1764. Henry assisted his father-in-law by greeting and serving guests, tending bar, and entertaining with his fiddle playing. Working at the tavern exposed Henry to the legal world and in April 1760 at the age of 24, he obtained a license to practice law.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War, French officers Marquis de Lafayette, Marquis de Chastellux, and Rochambeau visited the Tavern. Chastellux referred to the tavern as a "Tolerable handsome inn, with a large salon and covered portico." In his diary, General George Washington twice refers to dining and lodging at Hanover Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1800, seven slaves from Hanover Tavern took part in the planning of a failed slave insurrection known as Gabriel&#39;s Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War the Tavern was used as a home for Confederate refugees fleeing the Union Army.</p><br>
<p>Notable guests such as Chief Justice John Marshall, Edgar Allan Poe, P. T. Barnum, Charles Dickens, Union General Fitz John Porter, and Confederate generals J.E.B. Stuart and Wade Hampton visited the tavern.</p><br>
<p>The present tavern building, restored by the Hanover Tavern Foundation, dates from 1791 with early 19th century and late 20th century additions and is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places. The original 1733 tavern building, having fallen into disrepair, was torn down after the construction of the 1822 section. In 1953, a group of actors from New York bought the building and 3.5 acres with the intention of starting a dinner theater. The tavern was adapted as the first dinner theatre in America; Barksdale Theatre. It was the first performing arts organization in Virginia to seat integrated audiences. Barksdale Theatre merged with Theatre IV in 2012 to become.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the non-profit Hanover Tavern Foundation bought the Tavern and 3.5 acres from the Barksdale Theatre owners and began to raise the needed money to stabilize and restore the aging building. The Foundation&#39;s goal was to restore, preserve and utilize the Tavern as an historical, educational, community and cultural resource center for the general public. The Foundation raised funds, restored historic buildings, and expanded the facility with restrooms, kitchens, and a refurbished theater. The complex reopened to the public in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Currently, Tavern offered student field trips, educational history programs, historical exhibits, heritage musical events, lecture series, and Virginia Repertory Theatre performances.</p><br>
<p>The Lost City Museum, formerly known as the Boulder Dam Park Museum, is located in Overton, Nevada and is one of seven museums managed by the Nevada Division of Museums and History, an agency of the Nevada Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lost City Museum shares its location with an actual prehistoric site of the Ancestral Puebloans. The museum was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935 and was operated by the National Park Service to exhibit artifacts from the Pueblo Grande de Nevada archaeological sites, which were going to be partially covered by the waters of Lake Mead as a result of building the Hoover Dam.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, an extension of the museum was built, incorporating some ruins in order to protect them and share them with the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The museum offers a reconstructed Puebloan house-site that is open to visitors. The museum has displays depicting the excavations of the sites, artifacts unearthed during the project, pictures of the historical excavations, an excavated pithouse and reconstructions of the Puebloan houses. Pottery, shells, jewelry and many other examples that showcase the history of the early inhabitants are on display at the museum.</p><br>
<p>The Denver City Cable Railway Building on Lawrence Street in Denver, Colorado, opened in 1889. Originally built to house power and maintenance facilities for Denver&#39;s cable car system, it now houses a restaurant and office space. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The current owner is Jim Judd.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<p>The building was bought by Jim Judd and a partner in 1972 in the hopes of saving the building from being torn down in an urban renewal project. In 1973, the Old Spaghetti Factory opened on the first floor.</p><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
<p>In March 2007, the sale of the building from Mr. Judd to Central Development was announced. Central Development plans a $35 million hotel and retail project that will include the current building. Designed by the Buchanan Yonushewski Group the new hotel will have a glass facade and will wrap around the current building.</p><br>
<p>Merchant&#39;s Hope was the name of a plantation and church established in the Virginia Colony in the 17th century. It was also the name of an English sailing ship, Merchant&#39;s Hope, which plied the Atlantic bringing emigrants to Virginia in the early 17th-century. The Merchant&#39;s Hope was owned by a man named William Barker who was a wealthy English merchant and mariner who patented land in Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Merchant&#39;s Hope Plantation</h2><br>
<p>Merchants Hope Plantation was located west of Flowerdew Hundred on the south shore of the James River near the mouth of Powells Creek in a portion of Charles City County which was divided to form Prince George County in 1703. It was located on the former site of Powellbrooke Plantation, whose owner Captain Nathaniel Powell (one of the original 1607 colonists), his wife, and ten others were killed during the Indian Massacre of 1622.</p><br>
<p>Merchant&#39;s Hope Plantation was patented in 1638 by William Barker, Richard Quiney, and John Sadler, merchants of London. Ownership of the plantation passed to Nathaniel Harrison in 1720.</p><br>
<p>The 4,200 acre (17 square kilometers) James River National Wildlife Refuge now encompasses much of the land that was Merchant&#39;s Hope Plantation during the 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Merchant&#39;s Hope Church</h2><br>
<p>Merchants Hope Church was established in 1657, and the current sanctuary was completed in 1743. Even though the church has undergone renovation and restoration, it is virtually the same structure today as it was when it was built over 250 years ago. In the 21st century, members of Merchant&#39;s Hope Episcopal Church still meet in the mid-18th-century structure, which is among the oldest Protestant churches in America still used as a house of worship.</p><br>
<p>The church is listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Dating</p><br>
<p>The church has long been dated by local tradition and a date reputedly carved on one of the roof trusses to 1657, Upton ascribes a date of circa 1725, but recent dendrochronological studies of the roof truss timbers showed that they date to circa 1743.</p><br>
<p>The church was primarily part of Martin&#39;s Brandon Parish as both an upper and lower church. It is located on the Old River Road that preceded the present Route 10 connecting Suffolk with Hopewell. The parish affiliation changed as parishes were reorganized during the colonial period. The record is somewhat confusing, and recent dating of 1743 tends to change the parish affiliation of this particular building dramatically:</p><br>
<p>1618: Martins Brandon Parish was originally a plantation parish that derived its name from nearby Brandon Plantation. It was united with Prince Georges Parish at that time.</p><br>
<p>1639-1640: The church&#39;s "Great Bible" was published in London</p><br>
<p>There is indirect evidence of an active parish and, therefore some kind of church edifice, in 1665 and 1675.</p><br>
<p>1676: Nathaniel Bacon of Henrico and many other outraged settlers met at Merchants Hope Church where they signed petitions to Governor Sir William Berkeley demanding help against attacks by the Native Americans. Berkeley who was engaged in the fur trade with the Native Americans dismissed their petitions leaving Bacon and 211 volunteers to take matters into their own hands which resulted in Bacons Rebellion.</p><br>
<p>1655–1688 – 1720: Martin&#39;s Brandon Parish was made independent of, absorbed by, and again made independent of Westover Parish, immediately north of the James River.</p><br>
<p>1655-1688: The parish was referred to as Jordan&#39;s Parish.</p><br>
<p>1688: Is mentioned as a chapel of ease for Westover Church.</p><br>
<p>1702: Prince George County formed from the portion of Charles City County lying South of the James River.</p><br>
<p>1720: Is mentioned as the upper chapel of Martin&#39;s Brandon Parish.</p><br>
<p>1743: Current sanctuary constructed</p><br>
<p>1848: Charles Minnigerode appointed rector</p><br>
<p>1857: Was separated from Martin&#39;s Brandon Parish, current communion silver dedicated.</p><br>
<p>1865: Used as a cavalry picket post by Union Soldiers during the Civil War, most interior furnishings destroyed.</p><br>
<p>1870: Restoration with interior furnishings reflecting the late 19th-century Victorian influence completed circa 1869/1870</p><br>
<p>1968: Listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register</p><br>
<p>1969: Listed on the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1974: Restoration of the interior to its mid-18th-century appearance completed.</p><br>
<p>1990: Modern parish house constructed</p><br>
<p>Name</p><br>
<p>The vernacular name Merchants Hope for the present church is derived from the nearby plantation of the same name. The linking of the church to a sailing bark called Merchants Hope has no validity. The ship and church derived their names from the plantation.</p><br>
<p>Architecture</p><br>
<p>Brickwork</p><br>
<p>This church is the outstanding example of the brick, rectangular room church in the state of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It is 60 x as measured on the inside. In colonial contracts for churches this was referred to as "in the clear." It consists of 22+1/2 in walls of solid brick two-and-a-half bricks thick with English bond below the water table five bricks high and Flemish bond above the water table. The transition from the water table to the walls contains a row of beveled bricks. Glazed headers are used throughout the building, and there is a row of glazed headers along the barge boards. Unlike most churches of the early eighteenth century, there is almost no serious reconstruction in the walls. Rubbed brick including queen closers are present in the doorways, the window trim, and at all four corners of the building.</p><br>
<p>Doors</p><br>
<p>The main entrances pediment (west entrance) is of the most simple character; it consists of a compass heading with simple wood panels on the doors which may be of colonial manufacture. The brickwork surrounding the door is an understated pediment with no pilasters, pillars embedded in a wall. Its only decoration consists of rubbed brick accentuated by queen closers and an arch of flat bricks. The door itself is embellished by a wooden lunette, here a half-circle, and its two, center-opening doors have a small horizontal panel over two large vertical panels. The doors wooden trim contains curved cyma reversa, a reversed S-shaped molding, pieces separating three panes. Wooden pegs are used in both the doors and windows. H-L hinges are used throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>The south door is identical in detail with the exception that it is a shorter, rectangular opening in the chancel end of the church with a flat arch at the top.</p><br>
<p>Upton comments that "the doorways were comparable in size and visual emphasis to the windows, rather than inconspicuous." and that all Virginia brick churches lacking an elaborate pediment have similar doors with a compass head in the west end and a flat head on the south wall.</p><br>
<p>Windows</p><br>
<p>Merchant&#39;s Hope has the best preserved compass windows of surviving colonial churches and displays the eventual style of chancel windows universal in eighteenth-century Virginia churches. Although they show systematic repairs, they are "very old" and "surely colonial". They consist of identically sized windows on the north, east, and south walls. There are four windows on the north, two in the east, and three on the south. The vestry door is directly opposite the north-eastern window. On the west wall above the door is a small compass window. The brick embellishment is the same as the west doorway with rubbed brick, queen closers, and a curved arch. They have two vertical sections made up of 24 over 16 panes. They are true guillotine windows with no counterweights. The wood work on the windows, like the west doorway, is a reverse S-curve, and the muntins are one inch thick. The bottoms consist of wooden sills with a row of beveled bricks below them in oarlock orientation.</p><br>
<p>Interior</p><br>
<p>The interior was gutted during the Civil War when the church was reputedly used as a cavalry picket station by the Union army, although there was no damage to the doors, windows, or gallery. It was reconstructed and now resembles the general room church configuration with the exception that the T-shaped aisle has been altered to an L-shaped one with the top of the L at the west door and the stem at the south. The chancel has a communion rail while the reconstructed pews are similar to those of Vauters Church, single row box pews with a door on the aisle end. The pulpit is just south-west of the chancel although it was originally near the middle of the south wall. The west gallery still has its original stairway and rail with asymmetrical balusters characteristic of the early eighteenth century. On the east wall is a communion table centered between the windows and tablets of obligatory scripts: from left to right, the Lords Prayer, the Ten Commandments (Exodus XX), and the Apostles&#39; Creed. Most notably lacking is the display of a cross: no Anglican Virginia church displayed a cross or other iconography during the colonial period.</p><br>
<p>Floor</p><br>
<p>The floor reputedly contains original 18" square flagstones or Portland stone. According to rather dubious evidence, there is a crown mark on the underside of the tiles identifying them as having English origin. An architectural problem with the floor is that the present level is too low for the doorways. Either the door openings as well as the doors were larger or the floor was higher. The present structure of a high door step combined with a low floor is most unlikely to be an original construction characteristic.</p><br>
<p>Roof / Ceiling</p><br>
<p>The most prominent feature of the exterior roof is the pronounced kick of the eaves, also seen at Blandford, which flattens them, giving the church a distinctive look. Of course, the present asphalt shingle roof is not original. The roof truss construction is of considerable interest since it is the earliest known example of a king-post truss that is bent at the feet to allow a curved ceiling. The present surface is a semi-domed plaster ceiling completely concealing the truss structure. It was common for ceilings to be painted blue with clouds though this in not mentioned in regards to Merchant&#39;s Hope.</p><br>
<p>Symbolism and Structure</p><br>
<p>This church contains the most pure example of the essential elements of a rectangular room church that include:</p><br>
<p>Dimensions of approximately 60 east-west by 25 north-south.</p><br>
<p>Lack of a rood screen separating the chancel from the pews.</p><br>
<p>Oriented with the chancel facing east.</p><br>
<p>Main doorway on the west wall: vestry door on the south east corner.</p><br>
<p>Lack of bell tower or south porch.</p><br>
<p>Plain exterior</p><br>
<p>Display of tablets containing The Lords Prayer, the Decalogue, and the Apostles Creed.</p><br>
<p>In addition, Upton writes extensively on the symbolism embedded in the general features of the building citing particularly the tendency toward pediments and domes:</p><br>
<p>"The pedimented doorways used on many churches are part of a continuous tradition running from Rome through early Christian and medieval building to post-Reformation England; they recall the gateway symbolism of Mediterranean and medieval architecture, and it turn refer, largely unconsciously to the triumphal arches of imperial Rome. They signal the transition for the secular world to the exalted world of the Church.".</p><br>
<p>"Pedimented doorways thus partook of the vault/dome/canopy tradition in dignifying the approach to the honored place, and in their shape. The pediment... conveyed honor in itself.".</p><br>
<p>He also states that the combination of a compass pediment on the west door and a triangular pediment on the south was characteristic of early eighteenth-century churches in Virginia:</p><br>
<p>"... every surviving pedimented church before the 1750s uses a segmental pediment for the main (west) door and a triangular pediment over any secondary doorways... in doing so, the gateway/canopy was linked to the compass ceiling and the more general principle that curved or compass forms were more dignified than straight or square ones.".</p><br>
<p>Hence the plaster, domed ceiling that symbolically suggests the transition from the secular to the rarefied spiritual world.</p><br>
<p>This transition is also accomplished by the symbolic journey a parishioner takes when entering the church; he progresses from the secular world through the arched west doorway, passes the baptismal font symbolic of entry to the church, walks under a representation of the sacred dome to the pews from which he progresses to the east to take the communion meal from a simple table at the chancel rail from which he can see the sacred texts through the clear light from the large east windows.</p><br>
<p>Another aspect of the physical structure of Virginias colonial churches was the social status given to seating. Ones social status was reflected in the nearness to the chancel, so parishioners of higher rank sat closest to the pulpit and the chancel while those of low status sat near the west wall. Men and women were also separated by seating them on different sides of the aisle.</p><br>
<p>Conclusion</p><br>
<p>All things considered this building is the purest surviving example of the Virginia vernacular church of the colonial era. As Rawlings states:</p><br>
<p>This church is noted for "the utter simplicity of its west doorway, a simplicity that is matched among surviving structures only at Jamestown.".</p><br>
<p>"Merchant&#39;s Hope... is without a doubt our most enigmatic church. Because of its excellent state of preservation and the details of its masonry, its exterior, which is so devoid of unnecessary adornment, represents the supremely classical example of ecclesiastical architecture in colonial Virginia.".</p><br>
<h2>Modern church</h2><br>
<p>Merchant&#39;s Hope Episcopal Church still has an active congregation and is among the oldest Protestant churches in America. Over the past 350 years worshipers have included many members of the prominent Harrison family of Virginia, the Randolph family of Virginia, the Bland family of Virginia, the Cocke Family of Virginia, and noted agriculturalist Edmund Ruffin and his family. Many of its current parishioners can trace their ancestry back to the First Families of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Merchants Hope Church is a registered Virginia and National Historic Landmark. One of the churchs treasures is the "Great Bible". Rebound and not totally complete, it was printed in London in 1639-40. The "Great Bible" is believed to be the Bible with the longest association with one parish in the United States. The silver communion set on display was made in Charleston, South Carolina, and dedicated on the 200th anniversary of the parish in 1857.</p><br>
<p>Following damage during the American Civil War the church was re-modeled with 19th-century interior furnishings. A century later the sanctuary was again in need of renovation and it was restored to its probable 18th-century appearance. Recreation of the furnishings was patterned after five extant Tidewater area churches, with expert documentation. The initial restoration of the church was completed in the mid-1970s. In 1974 a Tetragrammaton, originally erected as a decorative motif in the old St Mary Abbots church in London, England in 1696, was given to Merchants Hope under the condition that it be restored. This early Judeo-Christian symbol for Jehovah now hangs above the altar, the only one of its kind in North America.</p><br>
<p>The church has also undergone more recent renovations that have included masonry repairs to stabilize the structure, the installation of a modern heating and air conditioning system, a security system, and the removal of a slate roof added during the initial restoration that had caused cracking and significant sagging of the roof trusses that were also repaired.</p><br>
<p>A modern parish hall designed by architect James S. Rawlings, a noted authority on Virginia&#39;s colonial architecture, and modeled after the half-timbered structures that were common in England and the colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries was constructed in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Notable parishioners</h2><br>
<p>Richard Bland</p><br>
<p>Elmon T. Gray</p><br>
<p>Charles Hardaway Marks</p><br>
<p>Edmund Ruffin</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>Brock, Henry I. (1930). Colonial Churches in Virginia. Richmond, Va.: Dale press.</p><br>
<p>Meade, William (1995). Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia. Philadelphia: Genealogical Publishing Co, Inc, 1847.</p><br>
<p>Mason, George C. (1945). Colonial Churches of Tidewater Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet and Shepperson.</p><br>
<p>Rawlings, James S. (1963). Virginia&#39;s Colonial Churches: An Architectural Guide. Richmond, Virginia: Garrett and Massie.</p><br>
<p>Upton, Dell (1997). Holy Things and Profane: Anglican Parish Churches in Colonial Virginia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</p><br>
<p>The James Pardee House, situated on the grounds of the John Pardee Homestead at 129 North Main Street, is one of the well-known historic homes built in the eighteenth century in the town of Sharon, Connecticut, according to the 1935 edition of The Connecticut Guide. Constructed in 1782 of locally produced salmon-colored brick, the Pardee House retains much of its original character and represents a significant and well-preserved vernacular expression of the late Georgian style in architecture, materials and workmanship in the State of Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The Pardee House has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing structure in the Sharon Historic District, and received its own separate listing as well in 2003. The two-story, five-bay, brick structure with a center-hall plan was constructed by James Pardee, the son of John Pardee, one of the founders of the Town of Sharon, on the town&#39;s original Proprietor Home Lot #29.</p><br>
<p>According to SPNEA documentation, the Pardee House is very well preserved at the exterior, which includes the retention of most of the building&#39;s original sash windows. At the interior of the Pardee House, numerous original and early features are preserved, including unusual structural framing, hand-carved woodwork, plaster on split lath, softwood floorboards and fireplaces. Located north of the Pardee House on the grounds of the original John Pardee Homestead is a ca. 1960 guest cottage. The open space of the Pardee Homestead retains its rural characteristics and consists primarily of lawn, gardens and a large open field located East of the house.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the Boston-based Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA, now Historic New England) acquired a preservation restriction on the property in perpetuity.</p><br>
<p>Shortridge High School is a public high school located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Shortridge is the home of the International Baccalaureate and arts and humanities programs of the Indianapolis Public Schools district . Originally known as Indianapolis High School, it opened in 1864 and is Indianas oldest free public high school. New Albany High School  was Indianas first public high school, but was not initially free.</p><br>
<p>Author Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Shortridge class of 1940, said that Shortridge was:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Indianapolis High School (renamed Shortridge High School in 1896) opened in 1864 as the state of Indiana&#39;s first free public high school. Its original location (1864-1867) was in the former Ward 1 Elementary School at Vermont and New Jersey Streets.</p><br>
<p>The second location (1867-1872) was in Circle Hall on the northwest quadrant of Monument Circle. The third location (1872-1885) was the former Baptist Female Seminary at Michigan and Pennsylvania Streets. This building was deemed unsafe and torn down to make way for a fourth building (1885-1928) on the same site. (Classes met in area churches while the new building was under construction.) Due to population shifts in Indianapolis in the 1920s, Indianapolis Public Schools decided to build a fifth building at the northeast corner of 34th and Meridian Streets.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1927, and the school opened in 1928. This fifth iteration is the school&#39;s current building.</p><br>
<p>Abraham C. Shortridge was recruited to become school superintendent in 1863. Shortridge was a strict educator when it came to drilling students and faculty alike. However, he was also innovative in many ways, including the hiring of female teachers and the admission of African-American students. Roda Selleck, who began teaching art at the school in the 1880s, soon won acclaim for introducing "craftwork" – leather, pottery, jewelry, and metalwork – to the curriculum, and later developed a line of pottery, "Selridge Pottery", designed by students. She remained at the school until her death in 1924.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, Mary Alice Rann was the first African-American student to graduate from Shortridge High School. There was a push for either integration in schools or the building of a new school for African-American students. Abraham Shortridge, who had become the superintendent of IPS schools at the time, fought against the arguments from white parents, asking if they wanted to pay the taxes to build a new school just for her. She was the first of a number of black students to graduate from Shortridge prior to the opening of Crispus Attucks High School.</p><br>
<p>The Shortridge Senate was created in 1887 by Laura Donnan. High school juniors and seniors would meet at 2:30 every Friday afternoon. The senate was created in order to teach students about public speaking and politics. Based on the annual Shortridge yearbook of 1918, the talking points included: daylight saving time, workmens compensation, womens suffrage, amendments to abolish jury trials, eight-hour law, the metric system, and many others.</p><br>
<p>Found in senate records located at the Indiana Historical Society. Written in 1914-1915 by the senate of Shortridge. September 18, eight female students were instated into the senate. The senate was made up of a majority of young women. Senators are actually students representing each actual Senator. In the case of women&#39;s suffrage, the debates the students had involved included arguments that were happening in the real debates and spanned three days, from September 25 to October 9, 1914.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In a 1903 football game against Wabash College, Wabash College coach Tug Wilson substituted an African-American left tackle by the name of Samuel Gordon, and the Shortridge captain "made a scene", forfeiting the game.</p><br>
<p>Shortridge students and faculty were involved in relief efforts for World War I. Faculty in charge included Flora Love, Rosa M. R. Mikels, Mary E. Sullivan, and Virginia Claybough. Their jobs were typing, filing, and clerical work. Under direction from Red Cross, both students and teachers also knitted socks, hats, and helmets. They also purchased War Bonds. The students and teachers also provided money for the war efforts and marched in parades. Laura Donnan even had a motto in her class that was, “A penny in France is worth two pennies in your pants.”</p><br>
<p>Although minority students attended Shortridge from its opening, the majority of Shortridge High School students were white. This changed in 1927, when Indianapolis opened its first purposely-segregated all-black school, Crispus Attucks High School; up until then, the city had only followed school segregation by custom and not by law. Notably, the creation of Crispus Attucks was in large part due to the influence of a branch of the Ku Klux Klan led by D.C. Stephenson, on the city&#39;s school board. Regardless, those who lived in an area where they could attend either Crispus Attucks High School or Shortridge High School were allowed to choose which school they wanted to attend; many of these students chose to attend Shortridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, Shortridge High School moved from downtown Indianapolis to a new building at its current location at 34th and Meridian Street on the north side of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>The environment in the school in the 1950s was described in the novel Going All The Way by Shortridge High alumnus Dan Wakefield (published in 1970 and adapted to film in 1997). In 1957, a Time Magazine article named Shortridge High as one of the top 38 high schools in the United States. At the same time, however, the school began to lose students to other schools, notably the newly opened North Central High School on the city&#39;s far-north side.</p><br>
<h3>Civil Rights Movement</h3><br>
<p>Due to the changing racial makeup of the neighborhoods that fed Shortridge, some parents on the school&#39;s Parent-Teacher Association supported redrawing the Shortridge district to find a more even racial balance. By 1964, some felt that the school had reached a crisis. A protest march that fall from the school to Indianapolis Public Schools offices was supported by 200 students.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners turned Shortridge into an all-academic high school. Beginning in the 1966–67 school year, an entrance examination was required for enrollment. In the 1966–67 school year only 272 freshmen enrolled, 46% of whom were black. Though efforts were made over the next four years to increase enrollment, they were not effective. The 1966 elections saw the school board change, including the loss of Richard Lugar, a Shortridge High graduate and academic plan supporter, who ran for, and was elected as, mayor of the city of Indianapolis. By 1967, the new school board voted 5–2 to abolish the short-lived ‘Shortridge Plan’.</p><br>
<p>As the 1960s progressed, so-called "white flight" in the neighborhoods immediately surrounding the school led to a predominantly-black student body. During the 1950–1970 period, the racial demographics of the Shortridge district began to change rapidly. As an example, the Mapleton-Fall Creek neighborhood, a part of the Shortridge district, changed from 82% white to 20% white).</p><br>
<p>The United States Department of Justice filed a suit in 1968 charging de jure segregation in Indianapolis. IPS responded with a desegregation plan which addressed only one of the three underlying charges. In 1971, USA District Judge S. Hugh Dillin found the IPS Board of School Commissioners to be guilty of de jure segregation.</p><br>
<p>Many large and small protests and causes occurred at Shortridge during the late 1960s. This was a trend seen at other local high schools, colleges, and American society in general. One in particular is sometimes referred to as "The Shortridge Incident."</p><br>
<p>In February 1969, Shortridge student Otto Breeding was arrested for "disorderly conduct" after a disagreement with school officials over appropriate clothing. He had been asked to not wear a T-shirt advertising a radical black organization. Students who felt this was unfair attempted to disrupt the school, pulling fire alarms, and chanting “Black Power” in the halls. The next day, an ad hoc group of students presented the assistant principal with four demands. The response to the petition did not satisfy them. The Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra was scheduled to present a concert the next day in the schools historic auditorium, Caleb Mills Hall. Approximately twenty students rose and left as the orchestra played "The Star-Spangled Banner". The protesters then congregated at a youth project run by the Reverend Luther Hicks. Reverend Hicks calmed the students and helped them to plan a non-violent protest. The students returned to Shortridge and gathered in front of the building and shouted various protest chants (e.g. “Say it loud! I’m black and I’m proud.”). As the protest continued, the police were called, and thirty students and adults were taken to the Marion County Jail. Most were charged with resisting arrest and disorderly conduct. One civil rights leader, Griffin Bell, was charged with inciting a riot. Marion County Prosecutor Noble Pearcy attempted to have the minor students declared "incorrigible" in an attempt to stop school unrest. This caused mixed reactions within the community, leading some of the citys religious leaders to side with the students. While the charges wound their way through the courts, a "freedom school" was set up to help the suspended students keep up with their academic work. The case eventually reached the Indiana Supreme Court to decide jurisdiction. Eventually, all charges against the students were dismissed and three civil rights leaders were given fines, with one receiving six months at the Indiana State Prison Farm.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Shortridge High School was closed for several years beginning in 1981. Following a major renovation, Shortridge was then reopened in 1984 up as a junior high school for grades 7 and 8. In 1993, grade 6 was added to make Shortridge a middle school.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2009, a high school magnet program for grades 9 to 12 that was focused on law and public policy was added. The middle school grades were later dropped. In 2015, the law and public policy magnet program was moved to Arsenal Technical High School and the International Baccalaureate (IB) program was moved from Gambold Preparatory High School to Shortridge High School.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the entire Indianapolis Public Schools district was reorganized so that all high school students would choose which school they would attend. Several schools were closed in order to strengthen the four remaining high schools: Shortridge, Crispus Attucks, Washington, and Arsenal Tech.</p><br>
<p>In addition to providing a typical high school curriculum, each high school now offers a concentrated program in a specific field. Shortridge retained its International Baccalaureate program and added the system&#39;s Arts and Humanities program that had been previously hosted at the former Broad Ripple High School. Out of 374 public high schools in Indiana, Shortridge ranked 130th in USA News & World Reports 2022 ranking.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the band Tenth Avenue North performed in Caleb Mills Hall. Previously, in 1981, Carl Perkins also performed there.</p><br>
<h2>The Shortridge Daily Echo</h2><br>
<p>In 1898, the school established a daily newspaper, The Shortridge Daily Echo. It was the first daily high school newspaper in the United States. It continued its daily status until the 1970s, when it was converted to a weekly publication. Kurt Vonnegut and Don Mellett are two notable alumni who served as editors of the Echo.</p><br>
<p>The paper won many awards over the years. In 1981, its final year of its initial run, a much-abbreviated Echo still won the second place overall award from the Columbia University Scholastic Press Association. Michael N. Selby and Edie Cassell were the last co-editors-in-chief, and Chris Keys was the last sports editor of the Shortridge Weekly Echo when it ceased publication with the school&#39;s closure in 1981. When Shortridge was reopened as a high school in 2009, students brought back the Echo as well and has been published as either a daily or weekly.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>In a state where basketball is king, Shortridge High had its moment in the sun in the 1967–68 season. The Blue Devils ran up a 17-4 record, reaching the final game of the Indiana state championship, only to lose by eight points; they finished the season at 25-5 (.833). However, over the years Shortridge High won state championships in golf (five titles, three times runners-up), wrestling (twice), track and field (twice, and runners-up twice), and cross country (twice, and runners-up twice).</p><br>
<p>Late in the 1970s the Blue Devils began to emerge as baseball power in the city. The Blue Devils reached the sectional finals in 1979, despite fielding a team of mostly sophomores. Notably Eric Johnson, a sophomore transfer from southern California, set a school record in 1979 by posting 12 Runs batted in, in a single game against Arsenal Technical High School.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>William Afflis – professional player (Green Bay Packers) and professional wrestler known as "Dick the Bruiser", attended but transferred before graduation</p><br>
<p>Georgia Alexander – author and educator</p><br>
<p>Grace Alexander – writer, journalist, teacher</p><br>
<p>Frank J. Anderson – first African-American sheriff of Marion County, Indiana, IHSWCA Hall of Fame wrestler, class of 1956</p><br>
<p>Mary Ritter Beard – historian and feminist scholar, class of 1893</p><br>
<p>Easley Blackwood – composer, pianist and professor of music at University of Chicago; class of 1950</p><br>
<p>Claude G. Bowers – newspaperman, historian, author, and US ambassador; class of 1896</p><br>
<p>Dan Burton – member of United States House of Representatives; class of 1956</p><br>
<p>Mary Fink – civil servant; class of 1934</p><br>
<p>Marilyn (Koffman) Glick – co-founder of the Gene B. Glick Co. and philanthropist for the arts and civic institutions, including the Indianapolis Cultural Trail</p><br>
<p>Marcellus Greene – football player, class of 1976</p><br>
<p>Clinton L. Hare – manager, organizer, football coach, attorney, grocer; class of 1883</p><br>
<p>Paul Harmon, management consultant and business author</p><br>
<p>Andrew Jacobs Jr. – member of USA House of Representatives; class of 1949</p><br>
<p>Charles Jordan – professional basketball player with the Indiana Pacers and in, Europe; class of 1972</p><br>
<p>Ethel Black Kealing – writer, arts patron in Indianapolis</p><br>
<p>Albert William Levi – philosopher, first Ralph Waldo Emerson Award recipient, first Washington University Humanities Chair, and Black Mountain College Rector (1947–1950)</p><br>
<p>Bill Libby – sports author</p><br>
<p>Richard Lugar – United States Senator; class of 1950</p><br>
<p>Lloyd "Skip" Martin – jazz musician, played in the Shortridge band, and went on to write for Count Basie, Duke Elligton and to play with many big bands such as Glenn Miller and Charlie Barnett; class of 1934</p><br>
<p>William E. McAnulty Jr. – attorney, first African American justice on the Kentucky Supreme Court; class of 1965</p><br>
<p>Don Mellett – journalist, editor, Pulitzer Prize winner (posthumous); class of 1909</p><br>
<p>Honor Moore – poet and non-fiction writer whose works include The Bishop&#39;s Daughter, memoir of relationship with her father, Episcopal Bishop Paul Moore; class of 1963</p><br>
<p>Walter Myers Jr. – Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Woody Myers – Indiana state health commissioner</p><br>
<p>Madelyn Pugh – writer for I Love Lucy and The Lucy Show; class of 1938</p><br>
<p>Henry J. Richardson Jr. – civil rights lawyer and activist, member of the Indiana House of Representatives (1932–1936); class of 1921</p><br>
<p>William H. Riker – political scientist, Public Choice formal theorist, elected to National Academy of Sciences (1974), the American Academy of the Arts & Sciences (1975), president of the American Political Science Association (1983);. class of 1938</p><br>
<p>Maurice E. Shearer – Brigadier General, Marine Corps, led Marines in World War I Battle of Belleau Wood, France; awarded Navy Cross, Army Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, French Legion of Honor, aide to Secretary of the Navy Fleet, used USS Indianapolis as his normal flagship, US Ambassador</p><br>
<p>Bill Shirley – actor and singer</p><br>
<p>Ada Walter Shulz – painter</p><br>
<p>Noble Sissle – musician and composer</p><br>
<p>Raymond A. Spruance – admiral, commander of Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway; as Commander of Central Pacific Force, later the Fifth Fleet</p><br>
<p>Dave Strack – college basketball coach, class of 1941</p><br>
<p>Booth Tarkington – author (attended but did not graduate from Shortridge)</p><br>
<p>Wallace Terry – journalist and oral historian; class of 1956</p><br>
<p>Kurt Vonnegut – acclaimed best-selling author of Slaughterhouse-Five and other novels, lecturer, professor, World War II veteran; class of 1940</p><br>
<p>Kurt Vonnegut Sr. – architect of Vonnegut & Bohn and Vonnegut, Wright & Yeager; class of 1902</p><br>
<p>Dan Wakefield – author; class of 1950</p><br>
<p>Sharon E. Watkins – general minister and president of Christian Church (Disciples of Christ); delivered sermon at National Prayer Service in Washington, D.C., on January 21, 2009, at invitation of President Barack Obama, class of 1972</p><br>
<p>Lebbeus Woods – experimental architect and artist; class of 1959</p><br>
<p>Marguerite Young – English teacher at Shortridge who received international recognition for her 1965 novel Miss MacIntosh, My Darling; class of 1926</p><br>
<p>Mormon Well Spring is an area located in the United States&#39; Desert National Wildlife Range that was used from around 1900–1924 for ranching. It is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. Nearby is Corn Creek Campsite, another listed historic place.</p><br>
<p>Currently the spring is used to provide water for animals using structures provided by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Long prior to its ranching use, the site has indications of Native American use, by such as the Southern Paiute people, from 1000 AD to 1900 AD.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 24, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Las Vegas Springs or Big Springs is the site of a natural oasis, known traditionally as a cienega. For more than 15,000 years, springs broke through the desert floor, creating grassy meadows . The bubbling springs were a source of water for Native Americans living here at least 5,000 years ago. Known as The Birthplace of Las Vegas it sustained travelers of the Old Spanish Trail and Mormons who came to settle the West. The springs&#39; source is the Las Vegas aquifer.</p><br>
<p>The springs are now a part of the Las Vegas Springs Preserve.</p><br>
<p>Las Vegas Springs was once the site of three springs, running into two large pools of water. It is a site historically known for a gathering of pioneers and Native Americans and early settlers in the Las Vegas Valley. In 1905, it provided the water source to the budding town and railroad. Once pipe lines were laid and wells were drilled, the water table dropped, and the springs stopped flowing to the surface in 1962. The site is currently undergoing rehabilitation to protect what remains architecturally and archaeologically.</p><br>
<p>Now, it is 180 acres of historic land located just west of Downtown Las Vegas. It is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first non-Native American crossing Las Vegas Springs was Raphael Rivera in 1829. He was the Mexican scout for the expedition of Antonio Armijo who pioneered the Old Spanish Trail between New Mexico and California. Later, American traveler John C. Fremont and Kit Carson camped at the springs in 1844. The springs stopped flowing to the surface in 1962 as the water table dropped as more water was pumped out to meet the demands of a growing population than was being replaced by rainfall and snow melt.</p><br>
<p>Uncontrolled use of private wells and wasted water contributed to the early depletion of the aquifer. This forced the Las Vegas Land and Water Company to drill Well No. 1 in 1923 to supply the demands for water.</p><br>
<p>The springs and associated infrastructure have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978 and are marked as.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Carter Beard Boyhood Home is a National Historic Landmark located in the Riverside Drive Historic District of Covington, Kentucky, overlooking the Licking River, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. The two-and-one-half story brick domicile, built in 1821 and one of the two oldest buildings in Kenton County, Kentucky, is the boyhood home of Daniel Carter Beard, a founder of the Boy Scouts of America. He was their National Scout Commissioner from its 1910 founding to his death in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Born in Cincinnati in 1850, Daniel Carter Beard moved with his family to Covington, Kentucky and the house by the river when he was eleven years old. Growing up, he routinely heard stories of Daniel Boone. Beard so idolized Boone that the boy and his friends dubbed themselves the "Boone Scouts" and sought to emulate the frontiersman. These Boone Scouts would engage in several activities, including sneaking past sentries of the various Union Army camps in town during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Beard was preparing for the life of camping, hand crafts, and nature that he lived as an adult. Beard moved away when he went to college, and following graduation, moved to New York City. Beard&#39;s family left the house in 1878 to move to New York City to join Daniel.</p><br>
<p>Beard was last in Covington in 1934, when a parade was held in his honor. Scouts from Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia came to show their appreciation.</p><br>
<p>His boyhood home was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. William Booth Memorial Hospital owned the building at the time that it was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1966. They had been using it as a nursing school and dorm for the nursing students. The hospital is still located north of the Home. The home is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Mabry–Hazen House is a historic home located on an 8 acre site at 1711 Dandridge Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, at the crest of Mabry&#39;s Hill. Also known as the Evelyn Hazen House or the Joseph Alexander Mabry Jr. House, when constructed in 1858 for Joseph Alexander Mabry II it was named Pine Hill Cottage. The house was in what was then the separate town of East Knoxville. Stylistically, the house exhibits both Italianate and Greek Revival elements. Additions in 1886 increased the size of the first floor. Having operated as a museum since the death of Evelyn Hazen, the house retains its original furniture and family collections, including antique china and crystal with over 2,000 original artifacts on display making it the largest original family collection within America. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>At the outset of the American Civil War, Joseph Mabry II, a wealthy Knoxville merchant and importer, pledged $100,000.00 to outfit an entire regiment of Confederate soldiers. Because of this assistance to the cause, he was given the honorary title of General in the Confederate army. During the course of the war, both Union and Confederate forces occupied the strategic site of his house adjacent to Fort Hill. Confederate General Felix Zollicoffer set up his headquarters in the house in 1861, but it was Union forces who had the greatest impact when they fortified the grounds as part of their Knoxville defenses after later taking control of Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>After Mabry&#39;s death in 1882, his daughter Alice Evelyn Mabry and her husband Rush Strong Hazen resided in the house. Their youngest daughter, Evelyn Hazen, later occupied the house alone (except for many pet dogs and cats) for many years until her death in 1987. Her will stipulated that the house had either to become a museum or be razed to the ground. The house opened as a museum in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Knoxvilles Confederate Cemetery, also known as Bethel Cemetery, located at 1917 Bethel Avenue, occupies 2.4 acres near the house, and is owned by the same museum foundation. It contains the graves of approximately 1,600 Confederate soldiers, 50–60 Union men (prisoners) and 20 veterans. The cemetery also contains a 48 ft high monument erected in 1892, consisting of a Tennessee marble obelisk topped by a Confederate soldier facing north. The cemetery property includes a frame caretakers house, built circa 1881, known as the Winstead Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>Three generations of the occupants of the Mabry–Hazen House have been referenced in literary works. In Life on the Mississippi, Mark Twain wrote about the gunfight that killed the homes builder Joseph Mabry II, and his son, Joseph III (known as Joseph Jr.). Mabrys daughter married Rush Strong Hazen, a benefactor to Leonora Whitaker Wood, whose life was fictionalized in the novel, Christy. In 2007, author Jane Van Ryan published The Seduction of Miss Evelyn Hazen, a book chronicling the sensational lawsuit between Knoxville socialite Evelyn Hazen, granddaughter of General Mabry, and Ralph Scharringhaus, to whom she was once engaged.</p><br>
<p>The Weigel House is a historic house built in 1893 at 2721 Asbury Road in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is also known as the Monday House, or the Osborne House. The house was constructed in the late 19th century in the Queen Anne style. It was one of the better-known homes of the Weigel family, who immigrated from Germany in the 19th century and were prominent in the dairy business, both in East and North Knox County, for generations. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "Monday House" since 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate comprised the house, a large barn, a garden patio, a detached 2 car garage, and 3 outbuildings. It is a brick structure with two and a half stories. Although the architect of the house is unknown, deed research suggests that Jonathan Osborne had the house built.</p><br>
<p>The Weigel family were the second owners of the house, and owned a chain of convenience stores.</p><br>
<h3>Shell family</h3><br>
<p>From 1998 until 2001, the house was used as a residence by Steven and Karla Shell and their children. The house was placed on the historical registry by the Shell family. During their ownership of this house, the Shells completed a restoration of the home in which they remodeled the kitchen and main bathroom. This restoration reversed the remodeling project undertaken by the previous owners sometime during the 1970s. In that project, the previous owners had laid carpet over the original hardwood floors and installed a drop ceiling in the kitchen, where they had also replaced all cabinetry.</p><br>
<h3>Cruze Farm at Asbury</h3><br>
<p>His son, Earl Cruze and wife, Cheri, bought land in Asbury, built a processing plant and began bottling milk in 1990 under the name Cruze Dairy Farm. In September 2017, Earl Cruzes daughter Colleen (née Cruze) and Manjit Bhatti purchased the Weigel House, and formed the Cruze Farm at Asbury&#39;; serving fresh churned ice cream and pizza. It started as a summer ice cream popup on Gay Street. Although some customers refer to this location as "the farm," the family dairy farm is located further east in Riverdale and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Peters House is a historic home located at 1319 Grainger Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee. It is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also known as White Columns or Columned Portals, as well as the George W. Peters House.</p><br>
<p>The oldest part of the home was built in the 1860s as a four-room house, typical of an East Tennessee farmhouse. Behind the house there was a walkway across First Creek that connected the home with the owners&#39; family business, the Peters & Bradley Mill, a grist mill.</p><br>
<p>A major addition and renovation was undertaken in the 1880s by William E. Peters, using an architectural design by local architect George Franklin Barber. The addition more than doubled the size of the building. Its design displays Victorian and Neoclassical influences. A prominent feature is a large two-story front porch with columns. Original drawings for the expansion are held by the McClung Historical Collection.</p><br>
<p>George Franklin Barber began publishing his homes in inexpensive, illustrated catalogs. He worked between 1887 and 1913, with a staff of approximately 50. Mr. Barber warned residents of the horrors of a house not designed by a trained architect, noting that Geo. F. Barber & Co. was "between you and a hideous monstrosity". Barber houses were primarily constructed in the United States, but were also found in other countries.</p><br>
<p>The Peters House is privately owned, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Statesview, or States View, is a historic house located on South Peters Road off Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Built in 1805 by Knoxville architect Thomas Hope and rebuilt in 1823 following a fire, Statesview was originally the home of surveyor Charles McClung. Following McClung&#39;s death, newspaper publisher Frederick Heiskell purchased the house and estate, which he renamed "Fruit Hill." The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and political significance.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Statesview is a simple, two-story Federal-style brick house, located on a wooded lot opposite the intersection of South Peters Road and George Williams Road. The house consists of a main section, a smaller (but still two stories) northeast wing, and a modern rear addition. The main section consists of a central entry hall flanked by rooms on either side, with a staircase leading to the second story. It is unknown how closely the current house, reconstructed following a fire in 1823, resembles the original house, or if it includes any part of the original.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Statesview was built for early Knoxville surveyor Charles McClung, a son-in-law of Knoxville founder James White. McClung drew up the original 1791 plat of Knoxville and surveyed what is now Kingston Pike during the same period. Construction on Statesview, then located in an isolated area west of Knoxville, began around 1804 and was completed in 1805. To build the house, McClung hired Thomas Hope, an English-born architect and house joiner who had previously built the Ramsey House in east Knox County.</p><br>
<p>Following McClungs death in 1835, his heirs sold the house and estate to Frederick Heiskell. Heiskell had cofounded the Knoxville Register, the citys leading newspaper, in 1816. Prior to purchasing Statesview, he sold his interest in the paper and retired. Heiskell renamed the estate "Fruit Hill."</p><br>
<p>By the time Heiskell purchased Statesview, the estate consisted of 1,200 acre and included a gristmill along nearby Sinking Creek (modern Ten Mile Creek) known as "Mansion Mill" (replaced c.1870 by Ebenezer Mill), as well as a sawmill. Heiskell planted extensive orchards throughout the estate, where he grew apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, and quinces. He also raised horses, cattle, and hogs.</p><br>
<p>Around 1880, Heiskell, then in his early 90s, moved back to Knoxville. The ownership of Statesview passed to his stepson, James Fulkerson.</p><br>
<p>Westwood is a historic home located at 3425 Kingston Pike at the edge of the Sequoyah Hills area of Knoxville, Tennessee. Also known as the Adelia Armstrong Lutz House, the house was built in 1890 by John Lutz and his wife, artist Adelia Armstrong Lutz, on land given to them by Adelia&#39;s father, Robert H. Armstrong. In 1984, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house stands on land that was once part of the large estate established by early Knoxville resident Drury P. Armstrong (1799&ndash;1856). Armstrong built Crescent Bend, which still stands nearby, in 1834. Robert H. Armstrong, a son of Drury, inherited a portion of his father&#39;s estate. The Bleak House, built in 1858, also still stands a few blocks from Westwood on Kingston Pike.</p><br>
<p>Westwood was designed in the Queen Anne style by the local architectural firm of Baumann Brothers. Unlike most Queen Anne houses extant in Knoxville, the house was executed in brick and stone, incorporating some Richardsonian Romanesque elements. The 5,000 ft2, 10-bedroom house has 10 fireplaces with custom mantels and decorative tiles. The front parlor features a hand-painted ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Adelia Armstrong Lutz was an accomplished painter who had studied at the Corcoran in Washington, D.C., the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and in Europe. She maintained an art studio in the house, in an unusual long room on the eastern side of the house that has a high ceiling, tall louvered windows, and skylights. Its hardwood floors are laid with alternating types of wood, creating a striped effect, and the walls are painted red.</p><br>
<p>Westwood remained in the Lutz family until 2009, when the Lutzes&#39; granddaughter died. In 2012, the house was purchased by the Aslan Foundation, which planned to restore the house and transfer it to the local historic preservation organization, Knox Heritage, for its offices. Restoration plans included removing a garage and a recreation room that was added in the 20th century, repainting in the style of the period, and updating the plumbing, HVAC, and electrical systems.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas J. Walker House was a historic home located at 645 Mars Hill Road in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>When it was listed on the National Register, it was one of the few brick homes from the early 19th century remaining in Knox County. It was originally nominated for the National Register as a representative of the area&#39;s early settlement and architecture. In the early 20th century the house was altered by the addition of a white columned portico, but it retained most of its original exterior appearance and interior details.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the house burned, and the remains of the structure were demolished in 2003. The surrounding land was considered for redevelopment in March 2002 and was offered for sale in November 2007.</p><br>
<p>The James Park House is a historic house located at 422 West Cumberland Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The house&#39;s foundation was built by Governor John Sevier in the 1790s, and the house itself was built by Knoxville merchant and mayor, James Park , in 1812, making it the second-oldest building in Downtown Knoxville after Blount Mansion. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and currently serves as the headquarters for the Gulf and Ohio Railways.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The James Park House sits on what was originally Lot 59 in Charles McClung&#39;s 1791 plat of Knoxville. Sevier purchased the lot and began construction of the brick foundation of the house in the 1790s, and completed a portion of the wall facing Cumberland Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 1812, the lot with its unfinished house was purchased by James Park, a Scots-Irish merchant from County Donegal, Ireland, who had arrived in Knoxville in 1798. According to some historians, the original wing of Park&#39;s house was designed by Thomas Hope, an early Knoxville architect who also designed the Ramsey House and Statesview. Likely before 1820, Park added a second wing to the house, giving it its characteristic L-shape.</p><br>
<p>Park served as mayor of Knoxville from 1818 to 1821, and again from 1824 until 1826. Park and his wife, Sophia Moody, had 12 children, some of whom were born in the Park House. President Andrew Jackson stayed at the Park House on a visit to Knoxville in 1830.</p><br>
<h3>Reverend James Park</h3><br>
<p>Parks eleventh child, also named James Park, was born in the Park House in 1822. The younger James Park graduated from East Tennessee College in 1840 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1846, after which he was licensed as a Presbyterian preacher. He briefly served as co-principal of the East Tennessee Female Institute before moving to Rogersville in the 1850s to preach at that citys First Presbyterian Church. He returned to Knoxville in 1860 to accept a position as principal of the Tennessee School for the Deaf (then located in what is now Old City Hall).</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Park moved to his country home in Cedar Springs (in what is now West Knoxville). Park later recalled that Longstreet had an inaccurate map that showed the confluence of the French Broad and Holston rivers to be below Knoxville, and refused to believe Park when he pointed out that the confluence was actually upriver from Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Park was appointed preacher of Knoxvilles First Presbyterian Church, and he moved into the James Park House, where he would live for most of the remainder of his life. An 1871 map of Knoxville shows the house surrounded by a grove of trees and a few outbuildings, with the St. Johns Episcopal Church (predecessor of St. Johns Cathedral) across Cumberland to the north. An 1886 map, on the other hand, shows the house surrounded by the church and numerous smaller houses, reflecting Knoxvilles rapid post-war growth.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>After Park&#39;s death in 1912, his house was sold and converted into office space. The house was used as a Red Cross workshop during World War I, and served as a medical clinic in the years following the war. In 1945, the Knoxville Academy of Medicine, headed by prominent physician Herbert Acuff (who was also instrumental in constructing the nearby Medical Arts Building), purchased and renovated the house. The Academy used the house for several decades before relocating to West Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Gulf and Ohio Railroads CEO Pete Claussen and his wife, Linda, purchased the house for use as the Gulf and Ohios headquarters. Working with architect Lee Ingram of the firm, Brewer Ingram Fuller, the Claussens removed several modern elements and restored the house to its 19th-century appearance. These changes included the removal of a 1968 rear medical auxiliary and auditorium, and the restoration of the houses Victorian-era porch. The renovations were largely completed in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The James Park House is a -story, L-shaped house with a modern service wing located at the rear. Claussens restorations, guided in part by old photographs and architectural research, included the re-addition of a picket fence surrounding the property, reconstruction of the houses Victorian-style front porch, rebuilding of the front stairs, and the reshaping of the chimneys. An arched fireplace in the basement, the design of which is nearly identical to a fireplace in the nearby Craighead-Jackson House, was also restored.</p><br>
<p>The floors of the modern addition to the house have been painted with various historical maps of Knoxville. One of the house&#39;s restrooms contains a ceiling-to-floor safe. Another restroom is modeled after the restroom of the Red Sage restaurant in Washington, D.C. A windowpane in the house contains the name "Sallie," which was probably etched by a daughter of the Reverend James Park.</p><br>
<p>The Captain James Newman House is a historic home in Knox County, Tennessee, United States, located at 8906 Newman Lane. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built adjacent to the French Broad River in 1898 by Captain James Newman, who owned and operated a riverboat on the river. Like most houses built along the French Broad River in that era, the house had a steamboat landing in its front yard. The two-story house is an example of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register in 1998. It is privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Morton House, also known as the Morton-Bush House, is a historic brick home located at 4084 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed in 1927, and designed in the Colonial Revival style by the noted Knoxville architectural firm, Baumann and Baumann. The residence carries the name of its early occupant, Benjamin Morton (1875&ndash;1952). Morton was the president of the wholesale grocer, H. T. Hackney Company, and served as Knoxville&#39;s mayor from 1924 until 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Morton House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Its grounds include extensive gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Savage House and Garden is a historic home and garden at 3237 Garden Drive in the Fountain City community of Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Built around 1917 and designed in the Bungalow/Craftsman style, the house and its garden are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Savage (1872&ndash;1946), an immigrant from Leamington Spa, England, designed the house and garden during World War I. Along with his older brother, W. L. Savage, Arthur Savage made a small fortune in the early 1900s by manufacturing industrial equipment. Savage was president of the Ty-Sa-Man company, once located in what is now the World&#39;s Fair Park, which specialized in the manufacturing of marble-cutting equipment.</p><br>
<p>Savage loved rock gardens, and established several in East Tennessee, including one in Lake City, along with the one in Fountain City. The Fountain City garden was inspired by Japanese garden designs, which had become popular through the early twentieth century Art Nouveau movement. Work on the garden began around 1917, and was completed sometime during following decade.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the Savage Garden was damaged by a tornado, and remained in a state of disrepair for several years. In 1986, the Savage family sold the garden to Bill Dohm and Patty Cooper. Dohm and Cooper have since renovated the garden and restored its fountain. Plant species found in the garden include Japanese Umbrella Pine, Chinese Pistache, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, and Dwarf Crested Iris.</p><br>
<p>The Ivan Racheff House is a historic house with gardens at 1943 Tennessee Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The house was originally built in 1902, but was later modified by Knoxville Iron Works president Ivan Racheff for use as an office and apartment. Racheff Gardens was established by Racheff in 1947. The house is now used by the Tennessee Federation of Garden Clubs, who maintain the gardens. The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Marble Springs, also known as the Gov. John Sevier Home, is a state historic site in south Knox County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The site was the home of John Sevier —a Revolutionary War and frontier militia commander and later the first governor of Tennessee—from 1790 until his death in 1815. A cabin at the site was once believed to have been Seviers cabin, although recent dendrochronological analyses place the cabins construction date in the 1830s, well after Sevier had died.</p><br>
<p>Along with the "Sevier" cabin, several out-buildings have been moved from elsewhere in East Tennessee and several have been reconstructed to simulate a typical pioneer farm from Sevier&#39;s time. The 35.4 acre site also includes a pavilion and an outdoor stage. The site is managed for the Tennessee Historical Commission by the Governor John Sevier Memorial Association.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>Marble Springs is situated in a valley between a low ridge known as Brown Mountain to the north and the hills that comprise the southwest flank of Bays Mountain to the south. These two mountains are part of the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Physiographic Province. The area is drained by Stock Creek, which empties into the Fort Loudoun Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River roughly 10 mi to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Marble Springs site is located just off Tennessee State Route 168 (Governor John Sevier Highway), which connects USA Route 129 (Alcoa Highway) to the west with USA Route 441 (Chapman Highway) to the east. The site is entirely within Knox County, although the Blount County line is just over 5 mi to the southwest and the Sevier County line is just over 5 mi to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Sevier arrived in Tennessee from his native Virginia in the early 1770s. He quickly earned a reputation as a competent frontier militia commander, helping the American cause at the Battle of Kings Mountain (1780) and defeating the Cherokee at the Battle of Boyds Creek (also in 1780). Sevier served as the only governor of the short-lived State of Franklin (1785–1788) and later as governor of Tennessee for six terms, 1796–1801 and 1803–1809. Sevier served as a state senator from 1809 to 1811 and as a USA congressman from 1811 until his death.</p><br>
<p>Sevier officially obtained the Marble Springs area in 1796, although he was living there as early as 1790 (the site was within a days&#39; journey of Knoxville, which at the time served as capital of the Southwest Territory). He named it after springs on the property that flowed continuously throughout the year. Structures on the farm included a springhouse, corn crib, smokehouse, and several other cabins.</p><br>
<p>Seviers children sold Marble Springs to an attorney named James Dardis in 1818. Dardis leased the property to the family of George Kirby, who was living at Marble Springs in 1840. Kirby purchased the property from the Dardis family when Dardis died in 1847. In 1941, the state of Tennessee appropriated funds to purchase and restore Marble Springs. The Tennessee Historical Commission and the John Sevier Memorial Commission oversaw the sites restoration.</p><br>
<h3>Dendrochronological research</h3><br>
<p>In April 2007, the University of Tennessee conducted a dendrochronological analysis of logs in both the Sevier cabin and the Walker cabin. Researchers determined that the oldest logs in the Sevier cabin were harvested around 1835, placing its construction date well after the death of Sevier. The cabin&#39;s likely builder was George Kirby, who lived as a tenant at Marble Springs during this period.</p><br>
<h2>Historical structures at Marble Springs</h2><br>
<p>Along with Seviers cabin, several outbuildings have been added to Marble Springs to give visitors an idea of life on an 18th-century Tennessee Valley farm. In Seviers time, numerous barns, smokehouses, and other buildings would have been scattered across the 375 acre tract.</p><br>
<p>1. The John Sevier Cabin, built around 1835. It is the only structure original to the site. The cabin&#39;s dog-trot kitchen—a common sight on pioneer cabins in the region—was a later addition. The cabin currently contains several artifacts donated by the Sevier family.</p><br>
<p>2. The Walker Cabin, built around 1828. This building was moved intact from a farm just off Walker Springs Road in Knox County. The Walker cabin is used by the site to represent a frontier tavern. The cabin&#39;s construction date was confirmed by dendrochronological analyses of its logs in 2007.</p><br>
<p>3. The McCall Smokehouse, built ca. 1850. This building was donated by the McCall family, whose farm lay a few miles south of Marble Springs.</p><br>
<p>4. The Loom House, built in 1970. This building was constructed from logs taken from an old log building on the McCall farm, and contains looms and wheels for spinning both wool and flax.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings include a springhouse, a corn crib, and several work areas.</p><br>
<p>The Maxwell-Kirby House is a historic home located at 8671 Northshore Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee. it is also known as William Maxwell House. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style, and is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Maxwell House sits on a rise, facing southeast, at the end of a long gravel drive that travels north and west from Northshore Drive, about 10 mi from downtown Knoxville, in Knox County, Tennessee. The house is in a cleared and landscaped yard, surrounding by rolling terrain that is heavily forested. An original log barn, in extreme disrepair, is located southwest of the house and is not included in this nomination due to its dilapidation. Included in the nomination is a pump house located to the southeast of the house. The yard consists of approximately 13 acre. The front yard was originally landscaped and may have been tiered. Marble walkways, walls and benches are being found as the present owners have time to clear the undergrowth.</p><br>
<p>Lowes Ferry Road, now abandoned in this section, originally traveled in front of the house on its way south to the Tennessee River. Lowes Ferry then proceeded to the south side of the river, in Blount County. The road was heavily traveled, both in Knox County on the north side of the Tennessee River and in Blount County on the south bank. However, when bridges caused the ferry to be abandoned and rail and later automobile transportation caused traffic to proceed in an east–west rather than north–south direction, this section of Lowe&#39;s Ferry Road was abandoned. These changes occurred at the end of the 19th century. Springs on the property are known as the Maxwell Springs, and have been extensively used for many years, both by Indian travelers prior to European settlement, and by later travelers in the period of early settlement in Knox County.</p><br>
<p>The original part of the Robert Maxwell House is constructed with heavy timber framing, and its original construction date is unknown but assumed to be c. 1830, since heavy timber-frame construction was common in Knox County at that time. The house was extensively remodeled in 1886 by a descendant of the original owners, and was substantially altered at that time. Its effective construction dates from 1886. The house now consists of three bays with a gable end roof, and is two stories in height. The rear section of the house was added in the 1886 remodeling, and is of frame construction. The house is covered with weatherboard wall covering. The house has a cross gable roof covered with v-crimp metal roof covering.</p><br>
<p>On the primary (east) facade is a full-length porch with four wood columns in the Doric order. A six panel cross and Bible front door is flanked by pilasters and topped with a cornice. Gable ends feature plain fascia boards with sawn wood attic vents. A front porch supported by stone piers was added c. 1920. An exterior end stone chimney is located on the west gable end, and was also probably added c. 1920. In the basement, which was dug in 1886, can be seen the remnants of a brick fireplace foundation. The windows are six over six double hung wood windows, with the upper windows on the rear addition being six over six wood casement windows. A side porch is located on the south elevation, with two round wood columns with Doric capitals.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the original front section of the house retains a c. 1830 Georgian style mantel and original door and wood trim. The floors throughout the house are made of oak and typical of the 1880s, and were probably added with the 1886 remodeling. Doors throughout the original section of the interior are panel and frame doors with four panels. Casement windows were added to the rear addition in the 1920s, as were French doors. The dining room in the rear addition features a bay window with beaded wood trim, and three six over six windows. Walls throughout the home are plaster and lathe.</p><br>
<p>The pump house located on the property is wood frame, and features a reversible sand filter. Four over four wood windows are now boarded over but still present. The pump house has a concrete floor that was probably added c. 1920. It is of frame construction with weatherboard siding and a gable roof with asphalt shingle roof covering. It is entered through a panel and frame door with four panels.</p><br>
<p>The property where the Robert Maxwell House is located was originally settled by William Newton Maxwells father-in-law, (Mahala Scotts father) who built the home around 1830. The exact date of settlement is not known. Springs on the property are called the Maxwell Springs, and it is known that Maxwell lived there when his son Robert Maxwell was born in 1847. The heavy timber-frame house that forms the basis of the present house was substantial, and it is assumed that Maxwell was a prosperous farmer in the area. That portion of the house was probably built in the 1830s, when heavy timber-frame construction was common in Knox County. Evidence of brick fireplaces and piers exists under the oldest portion of the house in the crawl space. Evidence has also been found to suggest that the heavy timber-frame construction supplanted an even earlier structure in the same location. However, no record has been found to suggest who owned the property at that time, or what either the heavy timber frame or the earlier structures looked like. In the 1870 census, when his son Robert was 23, William Maxwell was still noted as head of the household.</p><br>
<p>Robert Maxwell, William Maxwell&#39;s son, was born in 1847. In the 1880s he inherited the house from his father. At that time, three hundred acres surrounding the present 13 acre tract were subdivided and some of the land was sold. James Maxwell made extensive changes in the structure and lived there until his death, when the house was sold to Matt Kirby. Kirby evidently made changes to the house when he bought it, and lived there for a time. Kirby was a farmer who operated a dairy farm in this area and soon rented the house to a succession of families. The only family name that survives as a renter from that time is that of Dempster.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the Robert Maxwell House was sold by Matt Kirby to Jack Stroud. Jack Stroud and his widow Hazel lived in the house for approximately twenty years before selling it to the present owners. The present owners have done extensive remodeling and restoration work, retaining the 1920s changes made to the house and preserving the extensive additions and remodeling completed in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Maxwell House, with its Georgian Revival styling and setting, is significant for its architecture. As urban development proceeds rapidly in west Knox County, few houses from the 19th century are allowed to remain. The Robert Maxwell House is the most unaltered of the two or three known to remain on Northshore Drive, and is one of very few in the western part of the county. With its historical associations and setting, and its significant nineteenth-century architectural features, the Robert Maxwell House provides an increasingly rare glimpse into pre twentieth century residential architecture in this section of Knox County.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel McCammon House, also known as James White&#39;s House Site, is a historic house at 1715 Riverside Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick house was built circa 1849–1851 by Samuel McCammon, a farmer, and designed in the Federal style by T. Haynes. Its site also contains one of the homes of James White, the founder of Knoxville. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It currently houses the offices of Engert Plumbing and Heating.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander McMillan House is a historic home located at 7703 Strawberry Plains Pike in Knox County, Tennessee, United States. It was constructed in 1785 by Alexander McMillan , an early Knox County pioneer.</p><br>
<p>Alexander McMillan arrived in Knox County in 1783 and purchased one of the original land grants that the state of North Carolina had authorized in the Land "Grab" Act of 1783, under which the state&#39;s western lands were offered for sale at a price of ten pounds for 100 acre. He built the house in 1785. An addition was made on its front side in 1810 and a third room was added in 1860. The home was owned by his descendants until the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Alexander McMillan</h2><br>
<p>Of Scottish descent, his family migrated to Ulster, Ireland. Alexander was born on August 12, 1749, in County Londonderry, Ireland. In 1775, he emigrated to Boston in the American colonies. He then joined the Continental Army and participated in the Battle against Quebec in 1776.</p><br>
<p>He traveled to what is now Washington County, Virginia to meet up with relatives who emigrated before him. In 1778, he married his first cousin, Martha McMillan (1762-1836), the daughter of William and Mary Leeper McMillan. William was Alexander&#39;s uncle the father of William McMillan.</p><br>
<p>He completed his service at the military with the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780. McMillan and his wife settled in the eastern part of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>At 63 years of age, he volunteered to serve during the War of 1812 and fought with General Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans. He lived near McMillan&#39;s Station, an East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad station 10 miles from Knoxville, Tennessee, and died in 1837. His wife Martha died in 1836. He is buried on a farm near the Old Caledonia church.</p><br>
<p>The Blount Mansion, also known as William Blount Mansion, located at 200 West Hill Avenue in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, was the home of the only territorial governor of the Southwest Territory, William Blount . Blount, a Founding Father of the United States, a signer of the United States Constitution, and a USA Senator from Tennessee, lived on the property with his family and ten African-American slaves. The mansion served as the de facto capitol of the Southwest Territory. In 1796, much of the Tennessee Constitution was drafted in Governor Blount&#39;s office at the mansion. Tennessee state historian John Trotwood Moore once called Blount Mansion "the most important historical spot in Tennessee."</p><br>
<p>The house is a wood-frame home sheathed in wood siding, built with materials brought from North Carolina in an era when most homes in Tennessee were log cabins. The two-story central portion of the home is the oldest section. The one-story west wing is believed to have been constructed next; archaeologists suspect the west wing was originally an outbuilding, which was then moved and attached to the main house, and there is some evidence the west wing was originally the servants quarters. The one-story east wing was the final section to be constructed, perhaps as late as 1820. Blounts office, from which he governed and conducted his business affairs, was built along with the house and is a one-story, free-standing building and had a modest front porch.</p><br>
<p>By 1925, the house had deteriorated, and a local developer, B.H. Sprankle, intended to demolish it and replace it with a parking lot to serve the new Andrew Johnson Hotel, then under construction. The Blount Mansion Association was chartered the following year, and after a massive publicity campaign by Mary Boyce Temple and the Bonnie Kate Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the East Tennessee Historical Society, the Association raised enough money to purchase the house in 1930. The Blount Mansion Association has since maintained the house as a museum, and has made numerous renovations to restore the house and property to its late 18th-century appearance. In the 1960s, the mansion was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Blount Mansion occupies a lot in downtown Knoxville situated along Hill Avenue between Hills intersection with Gay Street on the west and Hills intersection with State Street on the east. The area rests atop an embankment overlooking the Volunteer Landing riverfront along the Tennessee River to the south. The Craighead-Jackson House, also managed by the Blount Mansion Association, is located across State Street to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The United States created the Territory South of the Ohio River, usually called the "Southwest Territory", in 1790. President George Washington appointed North Carolina businessman and land speculator William Blount as the territorys first governor. Blount initially governed from Rocky Mount (in the Tri-Cities area), but began searching for a permanent capital for the territory. After Blount selected Whites Fort for the site of the capital, James White, the owner of the fort and adjacent lands, and his son-in-law Charles McClung drew up a grid of 64 half-acre lots that would eventually become the city of Knoxville, and in 1791 held a lottery for parties interested in purchasing a lot. Lot 18, the future site of Blount Mansion, was originally sold to John Carter. Blount purchased the lot from Carter in 1794, although it&#39;s believed they had a verbal agreement for sale of the lot much earlier, and thus construction of Blount Mansion began sometime around March 1792 when Blount relocated to Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>While the mansion was being built, the Blount family may have lived in a cabin atop Barbara Hill, now known as "The Hill" by University of Tennessee students. Blounts reasons for building an elaborate frame house on the frontier were twofold. First, the house would act as a capitol of the Southwest Territory, and thus would need to command the respect of visiting delegations. Second, Blount wanted to fulfill a promise he made to his wife, Mary Grainger Blount, to build a home comparable to their lavish North Carolina home. The first phase of construction was completed between 1795 and 1796, although work continued until well into the 19th century. The detached kitchen was likely completed in subsequent years. Blounts friend John Chisholm built Chisholm Tavern facing State Street along the south side of the lot in 1792. Andrew Jackson and John Sevier were frequent visitors to the mansion, and early guests included botanist André Michaux and various Cherokee and Chickasaw chiefs.</p><br>
<p>Blount transferred ownership of the mansion to his younger half-brother Willie Blount in 1797. Willie Blount deeded the mansion to Blount&#39;s son William Grainger Blount in 1818. The Blount family sold the mansion to the McClung family in 1825, and in 1845 Knoxville mayor Samuel B. Boyd had obtained ownership of the property. The Boyd family maintained ownership of the mansion until the early 20th century, renting it out to various private and commercial interests. The Boyds also made several additions to the mansion, including a large Victorian-style porch.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration and preservation</h3><br>
<p>By 1925, Blount Mansion had badly deteriorated. Local developer B.H. Sprankle made plans to level the site and demolish the mansion and outbuildings to make room for a parking lot for the Andrew Johnson Hotel. In response, Mary Boyce Temple of the Bonnie Kate Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution purchased an option on the property, and the following year the Blount Mansion Association was chartered. By 1930, with the help of the DAR, the East Tennessee Historical Society, and the University of Tennessee, the BMA had raised enough money&mdash; just over $31,000&mdash; to purchase the mansion. The Association immediately initiated efforts to restore the house to its 18th-century condition, removing the Victorian additions and adding period furniture. In 1935 the Knoxville Garden Club assumed the maintenance of the grounds around the mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the BMA received a grant from the Tennessee Historical Commission that allowed them to restore Blounts office. The kitchen was rebuilt in 1960 after archaeologists discovered its original foundation. That same year, the discovery of a "vault" in the rear of the house reignited old rumors about an early escape tunnel that supposedly passed under the Tennessee River, but an investigation by the National Park Service determined the "vault" to be a cooling room used for storage of wine and perishable foods. In subsequent years, paint analysis on the exterior and interior walls determined the walls original color, and the walls were repainted accordingly. Archaeological excavations in 1973 and 1984 uncovered other outbuilding foundations and an assemblage of late 18th-century artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Blount Mansion is a frame and clapboard structure consisting of a two-story central block and one-story wings on the east and west ends. The first floor of the main structure contains a parlor, dining room and hallway with a quarter-turn staircase. The second story contains two bedrooms. The west wing contains a single bedroom. The east wing contains a drawing room, and has a basement accessible by stairs and a trap door. Chimneys are located on the east end of the main block and at the outside ends of both wings. The frame was probably built using locally cut timber, but the house&#39;s finished woodwork, paneling, flooring and weatherboarding materials were shipped from North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Blounts office, often referred to as the Governors Office, stands behind the west wing of the mansion. The office is a one-story frame-and-clapboard structure with a brick chimney on its south side, and a pair of sash windows with louvered blinds along the east and west walls. The interior includes wide-board paneling and a carved mantel.</p><br>
<p>The mansion&#39;s kitchen had originally been a detached structure located behind the east wing. At an unknown date, this kitchen was dismantled and its materials used to construct an attached rear-wing kitchen. In 1958, archaeologists discovered the foundation of the original kitchen. The rear-wing kitchen was then dismantled and used to rebuild the detached kitchen on its original foundation behind the east wing. The kitchen has a design similar to the office.</p><br>
<p>Middlebrook is a historic house located at 4001 Middlebrook Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was constructed circa 1845 by Gideon Morgan Hazen, and is one of the oldest existing frame residences in Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>The house is a typical large estate home. The property also includes a small Gothic Revival spring house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound is an archaeological site on the agriculture campus of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee. The site is a burial mound made by people of the Woodland period and has been dated as early as 644 AD. Today, the site is a landmark on the University of Tennessee campus and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at the University of Tennessee (UT) Agricultural Campus at the corner of Joe Johnson Drive and Chapman Drive. In 2011, a garden was built around the site to protect it from "construction damage" and attract interest and attention to the mound. The design of the garden was developed by Hendrik van de Werken and Don Williams, professors of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design at the university, and was revised by Sam Rogers, Department of Plant Sciences. Project directors enlisted the help of the Eastern Cherokee tribe and Tribal Historic Preservation. Principal Chief Michell Hicks attended the ribbon-cutting ceremony, and elder Mertyl Driver blessed the site.</p><br>
<p>According to the UT Institute of Agriculture, "The goal of the project is to honor the Native American tradition dating back to 644 A.D. when the Woodland People used burial mounds as a way of burying and honoring their deceased."</p><br>
<p>Crescent Bend is a historic home at 2728 Kingston Pike in Knoxville, Tennessee. The building is known as Crescent Bend because of its location on a bend of the Tennessee River. It is also known as the Armstrong-Lockett House, Longview and Logueval.</p><br>
<p>Crescent Bend was built in 1834 by Drury Paine Armstrong (1799&ndash;1856), a farmer, merchant and public official who estimated that the house had cost him $5,517. The house was once the centerpiece of a 600 acre farm. This is one of three early homes built by the Armstrong family on Kingston Pike, the others being Bleak House, built by Drurys son, Robert H. Armstrong, and Westwood, built by Drurys granddaughter, Adelia Armstrong Lutz (1859&ndash;1931). It was later purchased by Percy Lockett. It was also Confederate General Joseph B. Kershaw&#39;s headquarters during the Siege of Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property to the Kingston Pike Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The home is a traditional brick farmhouse. The home&#39;s contents include 18th-century English and American furniture, decorative arts and silver. The property includes formal Italian gardens with nine terraces and five fountains. The house and gardens are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Old Customs House, also called the Old Post Office, is a historic building located at the corner of Clinch Avenue and Market Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Completed in 1874, it was the citys first federal building. It housed the federal courts, excise offices and post office until 1933. From 1936 to 1976, it was used by the Tennessee Valley Authority for offices. Expanded in 2004, the building is home to the East Tennessee History Center, which includes the Lawson McGhee Librarys Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection, the Knox County Archives, and the East Tennessee Historical Society&#39;s headquarters and museum. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Old Customs House is a three-story Italianate style building sheathed in East Tennessee marble. The smooth exterior walls contrast with rusticated quoins at the building&#39;s corners. The former courtroom on the third floor is notable for its neoclassical detailing. Much of the original interior has been altered.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Customs House is situated on what was originally Lot 11 of James White&#39;s 1795 extension of Knoxville. An 1871 map of Knoxville shows the property as an open grove surrounded by a few small houses.</p><br>
<p>Through the 1850s, Congress was petitioned by cities across the country to provide courtrooms and post offices.</p><br>
<p>Congress appropriated funding for Knoxville&#39;s Customs House in 1856, and reappropriated the funding in 1869. Construction of the original portion of the Customs House (at the corner of Clinch and Market), designed by USA government chief architect Alfred B. Mullett (1834–1890), began in 1871 and was completed in 1874. The first floor was used as a post office, while the second and third floors were used for the federal court and office space for federal officials.</p><br>
<p>As Knoxville&#39;s population quadrupled in the late 19th century, the increased postal activity left the Customs House critically overcrowded, and the building was enlarged in 1910. The building had a steam plant for heating and used electricity provided by the Knoxville Railway & Light Company.</p><br>
<p>Knoxvilles continued growth rendered the Customs House insufficient for the citys postal needs, and a new post office was built on Main Street in 1934. Ownership of the Customs House was transferred to the Tennessee Valley Authority. In 1976, ownership of the Customs House was transferred to Knox County for use by the Lawson McGhee Library&#39;s Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection and the Knox County Archives.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the East Tennessee Historical Society (ETHS) moved to the Customs House and set up the East Tennessee Historical Center. The society opened the Museum of East Tennessee History in 1993. In 2000, the second-floor corridor of the building was named Deaderick Hall in honor of librarian Lucile Deaderick (1914&ndash;2006).</p><br>
<p>In 2004, a BarberMcMurry-designed eastern extension to the Customs House was completed, extending the structure the length of Clinch Avenue from Market to Gay Street. This new complex, known as the East Tennessee History Center, includes the ETHS&#39;s headquarters, the Museum of East Tennessee History, the Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection, and the Knox County Archives. The Old Customs House is depicted in the ETHS logo.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton House is an 18th-century Georgian stone building in the city of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York, United States. It is a New York State Historic Site and has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a historic place of local significance since 1982. The house was named for George Clinton, who served as the first Governor of New York and fourth Vice-President of the United States. He was believed to have lived there after the American Revolutionary War, but it is now known that it was never his residence.</p><br>
<p>The house probably served as a meeting place for legislators during the time Poughkeepsie was capital of New York in 1777.</p><br>
<p>Clinton House was built around 1765 by Clear Everitt, who was sheriff of the county from 1754 to 1761, on land that had belonged to Hugh van Kleeck (born about 1745, died after 1810) who owned about 20 hectares of land south of Main Street where the house stands. (The Van Kleeck House built in 1702 was demolished in 1836.) In 1780, the house was purchased by Udney Hay, who belonged to Quartermaster Corp of the Continental Army. In 1783, the house was destroyed by fire and Hay rented the nearby Glebe House. When his house was damaged by fire, Hay petitioned George Washington for craftsmen from the army to assist in its repair. However, Hay lost the house in 1786 when it was seized for debt.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the house had fallen into disrepair and it was purchased by the Daughters of the American Revolution, who presented it to the then Governor of New York Theodore Roosevelt for the citizens of the State of New York.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Clinton house is used for the offices and library of the Dutchess County Historical Society, with one room still set aside for use by the Mahwenawasigh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Clinton House Poughkeepsie c 1906.jpgClinton House Poughkeepsie c 1906</p><br>
<p>Clinton House Poughkeepsie c 1908.jpgClinton House Poughkeepsie c 1908</p><br>
<p>The Link–Lee House is a large historic home located in Montrose in central Houston, Harris County, in the USA state of Texas. It is currently serving as the executive office of the University of St. Thomas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County, Texas in 2000, and became a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Link–Lee House is named for John Wiley Link and Thomas Peter Lee, its first owners. The house is located at the corner of Montrose Boulevard and West Alabama Street, now on the University of St. Thomas campus in Houston. A monumental portico fronts the neoclassical building, which is clad in brick with terra cotta ornamentation.</p><br>
<h3>Link Family</h3><br>
<p>John Wiley Link (1866–1933) was born in Gallatin, Texas. He completed his law studies at Baylor University, and joined the Texas bar in 1888. He practiced law in Amarillo and Orange, where he was elected mayor in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Link accumulated wealth through the lumber business and finance in east Texas. In 1910, he moved to Houston where he anticipated economic growth sparked by its emerging oil industry. In addition to being the founding chairman of The American General Insurance Company and the second president of The Dr. Pepper Company, he established the Houston Land Corporation while amassing several properties totaling 250 acres near the Houston city limits. He set aside a strip land on which he built the first section of Montrose Boulevard, the main street for his upscale residential subdivision. He planned his own home site on Block 41, fronting the newly paved Montrose Boulevard and West Alabama Street. Sanguinet, Staats, and Barnes designed this Link&#39;s home, which was built by Young Contracting Company in 1912.</p><br>
<h3>Lee Family</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Peter Lee (born March 19, 1871) started as an oil field worker in his native West Virginia and Ohio. Just sixteen when he started work, he relocated to Saratoga, Texas in 1903 to work for the Texas Company. In 1914, he co-founded Farmers Petroleum Company and accepted a post as the firm&#39;s president.</p><br>
<p>Lee acquired the house at the end of 1916 for $90,000. Link–Lee House was the largest single-family residence in Houston at the time with over 10,000 square feet. The main floor included a breakfast room, formal dining room, and music room. There was a full basement, a second floor with five bedroom suites, and a third floor ballroom.</p><br>
<p>After Lee&#39;s death, his home remained in the possession of his family until July 9, 1940, when family members, including Mrs. Essie N. Lee, sold the property to the University of St. Thomas for $120,000. At the wishes of all heirs and executors, the college separated the payment into two parts: $6,000 in cash and the remaining $114,000 as a donation, guaranteed by a promissory note dated September 1, 1946, made payable to the William M. Rice Institute for the Advancement of Literature, Science and Art in Houston.</p><br>
<h3>University of St. Thomas</h3><br>
<p>The home, now referred to as the Link-Lee Mansion, and its surrounding land, became the main building of the University of St. Thomas, which still occupies the site today. Originally the building housed the entire university, it now contains the executive offices of the university. While still mostly intact, the mansion has been adapted to accommodate the offices of the president, vice president for Academic Affairs, Dean of Arts and Sciences, vice president for Institutional Advancement, and Alumni Relations.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding patio, porch, and yard of the mansion was utilized each October as part of Neewollah, the university&#39;s Halloween party. This tradition ended in 2006 with the construction of the Edward P. White Memorial Plaza, which feature a large granite monolith and fountain. The plaza is the last design of famous architect Philip Johnson.</p><br>
<p>Future plans involve moving the offices out of the mansion and restoring it back to how it looked in 1912. These plans are contingent upon the university purchasing adjacent properties prior to making any such moves.</p><br>
<p>The Glebe House is an 18th-century Georgian brick building in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York, USA. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a historic place of local significance since 1982.</p><br>
<p>The name "Glebe House" refers to the glebe, an area of land the proceeds of which supported the parish and its minister. The land associated with Glebe House was about 1 square kilometre (250 acres) in size.</p><br>
<p>The Glebe House itself was constructed in 1767 as a Georgian red brick building on a rubble stone foundation. It was to serve rectory for the Reverend John Beardsley, who ministered at Christ Church, Poughkeepsie and Trinity Church in Fishkill and his family in 1767. Since Beardsley was a Loyalist, he and his entire household were forced to flee to New York City in December 1777 to seek the protection of the British during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>After 1777, the house and the land passed through many hands. During this time, it housed a public beer garden and later a florist</p><br>
<p>business. In the early 19th century, an addition to the building was made by Peter De Reimer.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, the house and the remainder of the glebe land (now less than 1 acre) were purchased by members of the Dutchess County Historical Society and the Junior League to protect it from demolition. The house was given to the City of Poughkeepsie to be operated jointly by the Dutchess County Historical Society and the Junior League.</p><br>
<p>The Dutchess County Historical Society was involved with the house from 1929 to 2016. Now home to.</p><br>
<p>The People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association is a historic bank building at 101 East Court Street in Sidney, Ohio, designed by Chicago architect Louis Sullivan. It was designed and built in 1917 for use by Peoples Federal Savings and Loan Association, which still operates out of it. It is one of a handful of banks designed by Sullivan between 1908 and 1919 for small communities in the central United States. The building is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Peoples Federal Savings and Loan Association is located at 101 East Court Street on the corner of South Ohio Street in Sidney across from the Spot restaurant. It lies also across the street from the Gothic revival Monumental Building and the Second Empire-style Shelby County Courthouse. Numerous colors adorn the building, beginning with the corbels of multicolored terracotta, which are placed over the front windows. A dominant Romanesque Revival archway forms the main entrance, set in a building base of black marble and amid walls of strong reds. Other parts of the walls are pierced by numerous windows featuring blue, green, and purple glasswork. The design is the result of Sullivans architectural ideal: simple structurally but ornately decorated in their details.</p><br>
<p>The Sidney Peoples Federal Savings and Loan Association was one of a series of commissions that architect Louis Sullivan took on late in his career. These commissions resulted in a collection of bank buildings that have been termed "jewel boxes" for their modest size and ornate appearance. According to one account of the creation of Sullivans design, he produced a sketch of it after two days of observing the empty lot where it was to stand. The sketch was at first rejected by the bank directors, who expressed a desire for a more conventional design with Classical features. Sullivan observed that they could have hired any of "a thousand architects to design a classic bank", but that only he could produce this type of design. The building was completed for $1,000 less than Sullivan&#39;s estimated cost.</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)</p><br>
<p>Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1915)</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)</p><br>
<p>National Farmer&#39;s Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>Homestake Mine is located in the Newberry Mountains near Searchlight, Nevada. It is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places for activities between 1850 and 1924. Gold and silver were mined.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mine operated from the 1930s to 1953 and tapped the Silver King Vein.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1985.</p><br>
